tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-650604623619619652024-03-14T00:47:23.516-07:00Help me to write an essaynonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-4369060654742720652020-08-25T02:03:00.001-07:002020-08-25T02:03:11.254-07:00Knowledge management and innovationInformation the executives and advancement As of late, there are countless scholastic articles, which have been centered around the subject of information the executives and advancement. Both scholastic analysts and callings appear to concur that information is the most important resource of a firm (Garcã a-Muiã ±a et al., 2009). In addition, Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin (2002) proposed that the organizations information is the fundamental upper hand for an enterprise. In this manner, overseeing information in associations could be considered as a key factor for the accomplishment in todays business world. There are four significant components in the information procedure which incorporates making information, coordinating information, sharing information and arranging information (Newell et al. 2009). An investigation by Teece et al. (1997 refered to Leiponen 2006) suggested that the making of information can have the significant consequences for execution of a partnership. While different analysts referenced that making infor mation isn't incredible enough and exhaustive information sharing and coordination of an association are shown its prosperity (Okhuysen and Eisenhardt, 2002). The objective of this paper is to survey the current writing on information the board and apply these speculations in blend with certain instances of different associations to dissect principle key information reason for an association by looking at one explicit contextual analysis of a biopharmaceutical organization Panther Biotech The advancement of a radical new helpful for an intense fiery sickness. One might say that the contextual investigation gives a genuine case of overseeing information and advancement in an information concentrated firm. Besides, this paper will likewise give an inside and out examination of how Panther Biotech puts forth an attempt to present great practices in information sharing and information joining so as to improve its new medication advancement process. Definition Information As per Davenport and Prusak (1998) the meaning of information is portrayed as Knowledge is a liquid blend of surrounded understanding, values, relevant data, master understanding and grounded instinct that gives a situation and system to assessing and consolidating new encounters and data starts. There are various meanings of information yet this definition could be one of the most referenced definitions in the writing of this field. In addition, various types of information, for example, inferred, unequivocal and verifiable at the individual, social and authoritative levels should be considered so as to uncover its possible commitment to the exhibition of the firm (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Information the board In today business, one might say that a large portion of firms demonstrate their push to apply information the board so as to improve business exhibitions or to advance development process. As indicated by McIrnerney (2002), information the board is characterized as a push to increment helpful information inside the firm by advancing correspondence, offering chances to learn, and advancing the sharing and move of suitable information. Information the executives can be characterized as the arrangement of exercises that empower the creation, stockpiling, circulation, and utilization of information in associations (Chow et al. 2005). Various meanings of information and its administration shows the decent variety of the information the board forms going from information creation, sharing, coordination, codification, move, search, stockpiling, use, etc. Information Intensive firms A Knowledge escalated firm has been characterized by Alvensson (2004) as an association which sell information based items or the utilization of information to the market. It very well may be said that the center exercises of this firm dependent on the information on countless representatives. Advancement Verloop (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) depicts advancement as another thought or idea made by RD exercises and fruitful development requires changes in hierarchical procedures and change of a thought into an industrially useable item. Other researcher characterizes advancement as a procedure: the turn of events and execution of new thoughts by individuals who after some time take part in exchanges with others in an institutional setting (Van de Ven, 1986). Writing survey of Knowledge the executives and Innovation The rising of the idea of information based social orders, our social orders have been moving bit by bit to become information social orders (Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin 2002). Developing nations like China and India are moving their assembling based economies to information based economies, and these two nations could be the primary string to the US and Western economies. For instance, China and India are the two greatest markets for IT re-appropriating. A mechanical based economy changes to the data age or information based time and results of information and information works are turning out to be principle hotspots for firms and countries to make benefits and upper hands (Newell et al. 2009). The significant favorable position of China when contrast and different countries could be a copious flexibly of modest information laborers. Therefore, it could be proposed that overseeing information and the administration of information laborers assume a significant job in the accomplishment of the organizations and the countries also. During the most recent two decades, there has been a developing in the quantity of analysts which lead their examination in the field of information and its administration. Research on this field has been additionally gotten a fruitful history (Argote et al., 2003). These researchers additionally recommended that exploration on information the board traverses various zones, for example, financial aspects, data frameworks and hierarchical conduct and hypothesis (Argote et al., 2003). The assorted variety of information the board inquire about shows the extraordinary effect of this field in numerous controls in this way biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry probably won't be stood apart of this pattern. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) proposed that biotechnology assumes a significant job in worldwide industry and bit by bit ascends with the consolation of development to improve human heath and personal satisfaction. Biotech firms might be remarkable among certai n reasons. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) additionally said that the advancement of a biotechnology organization emphatically relies upon its science exercises. It very well may be recommended that biotechnology organizations are information concentrated firms. These days, finding the response for an inquiry where and how information is made and ensured that is the test task for this industry and overseeing information is additionally not as an essential assignment as in the past (Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Pharmaceutical firms are all the more regularly driving accomplice associations with biotech firms and research focuses (Walsh et al., 2002 refered to Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Unions between biotech organizations, scholastic foundations and pharmaceutical organizations might be the standard in this industry. It tends to be recommended that these unions could enable these organizations to show signs of improvement access to reserve and information from the ir key accomplices and firms will react to the new turn of events and innovation in quicker and progressively adaptable manners. As per Khiji et al., (2006), the normal time for the entire biotech process from first speculation for logical disclosure to sell item in the market can take as long as 15 years. Biotech organizations regularly attempt to draw in capital and associations in the beginning periods of theirs advancement procedure and with various endeavors to locate the correct organization accomplices for the subsequent stages which can incorporate assembling, item plan and advertising (Khiji et al., 2006). Shockingly, the vast majority of them neglect to manage these undertakings; Gassman et al. (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) indicated a report of these choices with a 90% disappointment rate among biotech organizations. This can be recommended that biotechnology is a drawn out speculation with high hazard and firms should exceptionally consider the job of time-delicat e choice. Also, in spite of numerous individuals accept that biotech industry has indicated colossal potential for development, very few firms can partake in the achievement. Contextual analysis 4.1 Background Puma is a biopharmaceutical organization this implies it creates clinical items utilizing biotechnology. Creating restorative advancements to improve patients heath so as to increase exceptional advantages for investors is the fundamental undertaking of Panther. It is an openly recorded organization with net money and fluid asset of $400 million, and it additionally makes almost 300 employments on the West bank of the US. Its representatives are specialists in the beginning time of the new medication advancement process. All RD exercises of Panther, with the exception of later phase of medication improvement are supported without anyone else. The reason for this money related methodology is to guarantee the activity of firm runs easily until it shows the fruitful of advancement medicate in clinical preliminaries. The subsidizing for any later phase of medication advancement forms is deliberately settled dependent upon the situation. As of not long ago Panther has taken just four adva ncement forms into clinical preliminaries without anyone else. 4.2 Discussion nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-55456817087808565522020-08-22T02:53:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:53:25.640-07:00Hamlet: Fate :: essays research papersHamlet: Fate      In our present reality mystics attempt to anticipate what will occur in our fates. What may occur later on is constrained by a force far higher than what can be seen by somebody at the opposite finish of a "1-900â⬠¦" phone number. The play Hamlet, by Shakespeare, presents a perspective on the world in which man's astuteness is feeble to comprehend and foresee the impulses of Fate. Man is represented by a heartless and maybe disturbed force.      The characters of the play are not the slightest bit ready to grasp what may lie later on. Hamlet realizes that there is some kind of problem with the marriage between his mom (the sovereign) and Claudius (King Hamlet's sibling). The marriage happens only months after the killing of King Hamlet. "Something is spoiled in the territory of Denmark." The characters of the play realize that there are powers at work in the realm.      A power that could be viewed as heavenly is in charge of the activities of the play. Hamlet is visited on a few events by an apparition that offers intriguing data. Hamlet knows not whether to trust the soul or dismissal what he has been told. "â⬠¦ the demon hath power T'assume a satisfying shape" Hamlet believed that the soul might be attempting to deceive him in the mission to discover his dad's executioner. Characters of the play become uncertain of their aims because of the odd spots of fortune that they are managed.      Characters in the play that were so certain about their choices became dubious. This vulnerability emerges when the plans of characters are some way or another adjusted. The modifications change the destiny of numerous characters. Polonius was slaughtered in the wake of Hamlet's arrangement to discover his dad's executioner. Hamlet had no expectation to execute anybody that didn't merit it. It was by chance that Polonius was in the office of the sovereign when Hamlet showed up. Polonius took cover behind the blind and was slaughtered with a push of a blade. "Time is out of joint. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-23402015922478941632020-07-27T11:15:00.001-07:002020-07-27T11:15:03.585-07:008,726,400 SOS Its Coming Home (by it, I mean me)8,726,400 SOS Itâs Coming Home (by it, I mean me) Theory: *written by Rukia H. 21 as a part of the 8,726,400 Seconds of Summer guest post series* Theory: If we were to use the World Cup as an analogy for my life right now, I just lost a group stage match, but I still managed to progress beyond the group stage and into the knockout round. Background (why the World Cup): I have been obsessed with the World Cup for the past month, which is strange considering none of the teams I support qualified for it (the US and the Dutch). But anyone who knows me well enough knows that if you sit me in front of a TV and give me a game to watch, Iâll end up passionately supporting someone within ten minutes. I get heavily invested during soccer matches; itâs a fact. I can barely stay still in my seat as I urge players to run faster, jump higher, and save the impossible. I give them nicknames and scream loudly at the television screen as if they can hear me. I yell when they fail to do the incredible (ironic considering my athletic ability is that of a peanut). And I cry with them when itâs over. Observations (of the World Cup): One of the best parts for me when it comes to watching a game is listening to the pundits comment on the players and the game because you can learn a lot in the process (side note: this one time, I thought one of the Belgium players was so slow and a terrible player overall, but the commentators then were like âlook at that amazing play by *player x*â and I was like rip, so much for my soccer knowledge) One comment Iâve been hearing a lot about is how players grow into the World Cup and what they mean by that is that as teams progress, they start playing better. They may be a bit shaky at first (this applies to all players, no matter how great you are!) but then you learn as you go and become better. A great example of this would be France. I remember waking up at 3 AM to watch them churn out an unconvincing win in the group stage and how disappointing it was to see that, but now look at them! Theyâre world champions and rightfully so! They regrouped and managed to defeat impressive teams from the difficult end of the bracket to reach the final and then won it all. Evidence (from real life): Early on, during second semester, I booked my plane ticket home. Being from California, I didnât get many chances to go back home and see my family during the year; in fact, I only went home once and that was during winter break. So I booked the ticket and that was the end of it. Or at least it would have been, had I been at any other school. As spring semester began to dwindle down, everyone seemed to have summer plans like exciting internships, going abroad, or new/continuing UROPs. I was starting to feel the pressure as the inevitable question arose repeatedly about my own plans for the summer. And so I frantically applied to anything within fifty miles of my house⦠and got rejected from all of them. When I got on that plane, Iâll admit it sucked. I felt like I was falling behind again, producing some lackluster performance that was definitely not worth an admittance to MIT. Because clearly someone who goes to MIT would get the internship (Elle Woods: like itâs hard?) and excel and change the world all in three months. Because thatâs what they do. Because thatâs what I want them to do. But Iâm home and after a month and a half, I know it will be fine. The first few days were tough because I missed the fast-paced MIT lifestyle. I spent those days agonizing over the fact that I had nothing to do and how it was such a waste of time. Now one day seems to blend into the next and it doesnât worry me anymore. I like waking up late and staying up, doing whatever I want everyday. I like having this relaxed, lazy, maybe even boring summer because in the back of my mind, itâs feeding my ambition to do more. Doing nothing makes it painfully obvious what exactly you want to do and I know precisely what I want to do for this upcoming year and the summer following it. So maybe on paper, this summer was a bust for me, but in the long run, I think it will be a major stepping stone to something incredible. Conclusion: Group Stages (Results) Surviving freshman year at MIT = +3 Going home = +3 Getting rejected by internships/not really having summer plans = +0 Notes: I still made it through despite not getting the result I wanted! Knockout Rounds (TBD) Sophomore Year Junior Year Senior Year Notes: I still have all these matches to play! Using what I know now, I can make the appropriate changes to produce the results I want. Iâm definitely still growing as a MIT student and thatâs okay! And who knows, maybe with time, Iâll be up on that podium, drenched in rain, but holding the greatest prize of them all. ¹ Also, whatâs pretty cool about life is that unlike the World Cup, you canât really get knocked out. You may not always get what you want at a certain time, but you always get the chance to try again and bring the trophy (aka your happiness) home :) ¹ diploma? pirateâs license? the key to the city? the world may never know Post Tagged #8726400 Seconds of Summer #Home #World Cup nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-14096478587511511052020-05-22T12:28:00.001-07:002020-05-22T12:28:04.868-07:00Jane Eyre And Oedipus Mason Essay - 915 Words Evil lurks around every corner, even within oneself and other persons, waiting for an opportunity to sneak up and ruin plans, inject pain and triumph over happiness. Often this malevolence hides in a familiar face as a hidden demon. This hidden demon is also often on display in literature having dramatic consequences in everyday life. In Charlotte Bronteââ¬â¢s Jane Eyre Bertha Mason serves as the hidden devil character for Jane, causing the destruction of everything she desires; likewise, Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus Rex contains a devil figure, ironically Oedipus himself, who causes the loss or poisoning of all he holds dear. In Jane Eyre and Oedipus Rex, the hidden demon serves as a vehicle for the downfall of the protagonist. Bertha Mason, simplyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The final prophecy brings about the revelation that Oedipus is ââ¬Å"a wretch, in birth, in wedlock cursed, / A parricide, incestuously, triply cursed!â⬠(Sophocles, 66). He has indeed married his mother and killed his father; thus the course of his life is set by the gods regardless of his desires. These two themes: of mighty gods and powerless mortals, fits with what Sophocles may have been trying to convince his audiences of, in his time the belief in the gods was under attack. This self-fulfilling prophecy makes Oedipus his own selfââ¬â¢s demon and seals the genre of tragedy, it is all the more saddening and inspires more pity for Oedipus that there was no way for him to escape fate. Rather than being a blind fool, this theme makes him a tragic hero. Oedipus must go through the agony of discovering who he is and facing his own demon. Jane, unlike Oedipus, is not fated to pain; she chooses the agony of being separated from Mr. Rochester over a life she knows is wrong. It is the main example of Jane Eyreââ¬â¢s prominent theme: independence. This self-inflicted pain marls the differences in the themes revealed by these storiesââ¬â¢ hidden devil characters. While Oedipus is fated to suffer and destroy himself, Jane chooses to face the pain that her devil character instigates and overcome it. It takes the journey to Moor house, Janeââ¬â¢s employment as a solitary teacher, and the loveless proposal of St. John, all started by Bertha being married to Rochester, to show Jane how to stand on her nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-39998340371744250972020-05-09T01:25:00.001-07:002020-05-09T01:25:02.300-07:00A New Term Has Emerged In Education Recently That Has... A new term has emerged in education recently that has teachers unease with how they feel about it. The ever so emerging ââ¬Å"flipped classroomâ⬠technique is starting to become integrated in several classrooms today. The reason so many teachers are suspicious of the technique, is because it is foreign and rather new. Traditional styled teachers are struggling to accept the new style due to the deranged forms of learning. Whereas the newer teachers are excited to track progress and learn new techniques. I personally feel that educators need to respect the fundamentals of education, and embrace the ever so changing society. Central Methodist University should flip their writing courses because it enhances student learning and collaboration,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Technology has been advancing rapidly during this generation, in turn, causing members of this generation to be highly dependent on technology. The flipped classroom utilizes technology to enhance learning insid e and outside of the classroom. Allowing students to learn on a device which suits their comfortability level, makes learning a subject less scary or intense. ââ¬Å"By obtaining videos from other sources the students indicate they are more engaged and found the information refreshing,â⬠(Schmidt) . Many teachers see the technology aspect of flipped classrooms as the deciding factor. Some teachers feel that some children will not have access the videos then resulting in students lacking the lesson. However, on the flip side teachers have combated this problem by providing students with technology when they are in the classroom. Utilizing technology in the classroom has enhanced learning capabilities, and has maximized the potential for several students. Using technology also allows students that are absent to have access to the videos online. Living in Missouri we experience a lot of miserable weather, with a flipped classroom students can continue to make progress at home with the videos online. An advanced placement chemistry class was able to almost complete a whole unit on their own when out of school for a week due to snow (Hardy) . Having to review the videos and lectures that they post online, teachers are now double checking their work. In order for theShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Epperson V. Arkansas953 Words à |à 4 Pagescase of Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) was argued before the Supreme Court. 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Road Map: In illuminating nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-38627883266906567022020-05-06T09:57:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:57:10.925-07:00Principles and practice of mental health nursing Free Essays string(158) " Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing\." Introduction This essay will discuss the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and its role in mental health nursing. A brief definition of CBT will be given, and treatment modalities used before the advent of CBT for the treatment of anxiety will be explored. The essay will evaluate the principles and practice of CBT, and equate this with the recovery process. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles and practice of mental health nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay will also explore two CBT approaches that can be use to work with anxiety. The limitations of CBT will be discussed, likewise the relevance CBT to mental health nursing. The essay will be concluded by highlighting the learning I derived by writing this essay. CBT is an umbrella classification of the different approaches in psychotherapy treatment which helps patients to understand how their thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour. CBT is evidenced based, collaborative, structured, time limited, and empirical in approach (Westbrook et al, 2007). According the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence CG22 guideline, (2010) it should be recommended to patient and carers for the management of major mental health problems. The CBT process normalise recovery which is important in therapeutic alliance as oppose to the medical model of care which pathologies recovery. The socialization process fit with that of the recovery model both of which are patient centred, giving hope and optimism to the patient, and using a set of outcomes set by the patients (Till, U. 2007). According to Hersen, M (2008), the earliest origin of CBT can be traced back to the times of Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BC) and Epictetus (A.D. 50-138) both of whose work reflected the concept of CBT in their teaching. CBT was developed from two parts way: ââ¬ËBehaviourismââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËPsychoanalysisââ¬â¢ Behavioural therapy was developed from the principles of animal learning to humans from two main principles called classical and operant conditioning (Shawe-Taylor Rigby, 1999). Classical conditioning theory was based on the work of Pavlov (1927) while ââ¬Å"Operant Conditioningâ⬠theory was based on the work of Skinner (1938). Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud and looks at the functioning and behaviour of human. BT arose as a response to the psychodynamic image, when Freudian psychoanalysis was questioned for its lack of a scientific base. The application of behavioural science resulted in merging CT BT approaches, resulting to the treatment of anxiety disorder and inappropriate behaviours, and little progress in depression and psychosis (Shawe-Taylor and Rigby, 1999). However, the failure and criticism following the use of strict behavioural concept to explain complex behaviour brought about the emergence of the cognitive behavioural therapy. The major difference between the two approaches is the inclusion of the meditational approach in CT. (Hersen, M and Gross, A. 2008). Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007) was one of the treatment approach used during this period. CT was developed in the 1960ââ¬â¢s by Aaron Beck, and this approach became popular for its effective treatment of depression. The significant result from the merge of BT CT was the outcome of treatment for panic disorder by both Clark and Barlow in the UK and US respectively. Their combination in the 80ââ¬â¢s and 90ââ¬â¢s has resulted in CBT being a sort after therapy for mental health disorders. Anxiety is an example of a mental health problem. Anxiety is a common and treatable mental health disorders which manifest as feelings of uneasiness such as worry or fear which could be mild or severe, and a normal part of human condition Barker (2009). The feelings of fear and worry are sometimes helpful in psychologically preparing us to face the problem and physically triggering the flight and flight response. This affects 1 in every 10 people (RCPSYCH, 2010). The major types of anxiety disorder are: generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder and social phobia or social anxiety disorder. The symptoms of anxiety manifest through the mind via frequent worries, lacking concentration, feeling irritable, feeling tired and sleeping badly. While in the body symptoms include palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, fast breathing and faintness (RCPSYCH, 2010). Social anxiety disorder is use for discussion in this essay. Treatment modalities before the coming of CBT include those from psychoanalysis and Behaviourism. Anxiety treatments available before CBT include: refraining people from excess exercise in other not to increase the strain on the nervous system, administering Strychnine, arsenic and quinine and applying a white hot iron along the spine in severe cases. Exposure treatment which is still being use till date, use of Radionics by attaching patients to various devices with the belief that healthy energy is vibrated to unhealthy parts of the body, Use of Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT), and the use of Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) facilitating drugs. Insulin shock therapy was also used (Marlowe, J 2011) Cognitive approaches use in working with social anxiety is: cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy. Cognitive restructuring according to Heimberg and Becker (2002) is the identification and challenging of irrational thoughts, which include beliefs, assumptions and expectations and replacing them with those that are rational, realistic and adaptive. The principle is not only challenging the negative thinking pattern that contribute to the anxiety, it also helps to replace them with more positive and realistic thought pattern by suggesting alternatives and by reinforcing the client belief in the alternative interpretations and ideas suggested (Norman and Ryrie, 2009). For a person having a fear of public speaking in social anxiety disorder, the way he or she feels is not determined by the situation but by his or her perception of the situation, thus the thought, emotion and behaviour is important in therapy. The therapist, in collaboration with the client uses the situation-emotion-thought-behaviour (SETB) to structure how the treatment will go. Cognitive restructuring is done in three steps, with full collaboration between the client and the therapist after building up a working therapeutic relationship. The first step is identifying the content and occurrence of the unhelpful thought. The therapist will ask the client to write down his or her thoughts, using thought monitoring records. Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing. You read "Principles and practice of mental health nursing" in category "Essay examples" The therapist sta rting question could be, ââ¬Å"If we could make one thought go away, which one will you choose to make a difference in the way you feelâ⬠, or ââ¬Å"what is the worst thing that could happen?â⬠Such questions are asked to uncover underlying fear. (Norman and Ryrie, 2009, Padesky and Greenberger, 1995).The second step is challenging the negative thoughts. Here, the therapist will help to dispel the irrational thoughts and beliefs to loose much of its power over the patient at this stage. The third step is replacing the negative thoughts with realistic thoughts which are more accurate and positive, with the therapist teaching the client about realistic calming statements he/ she can say when such anxious situation comes up. Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioural therapy use to treat social anxiety. It was developed by Joseph Wolpe, a South African psychiatrist. Systematic desensitization also called graded exposure, is the process of facing the anxiety or fear producing triggers from the less feared to the most dreaded ones, and the pre ââ¬â planned grading of the triggers for exposure is referred to as ââ¬Å"hierarchyâ⬠while habituation is ââ¬Å"the reduction of anxiety over time when a person encounters an anxiety or fear ââ¬â provoking trigger without the use of safety behavioursâ⬠(Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Systematic desensitization helps a client to gradually challenge his or her fears or anxiety, build confidence over time and master skills for controlling his or her anxiety. The process involves the therapist first teaching the client some relaxation techniques like deep muscle relaxation and assesses their ability to utilise this. For example, a person who is a nxious of facing the public and due to give a lecture, the step is to create a hierarchy of the anxiety or fear experience. The questions the therapist can ask to evoke triggers are: ââ¬Å"What places, thing or people make you uncomfortableââ¬Å"What brings your fear/anxiety/worry on(Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Then the therapist ask the client to set an exposure task according to his hierarchy of triggers, which should be graded, focused, repeated, and prolonged using the daily exposure diary. The client then work through the list with the guardian of the therapist, and the goal is to stay in each situation until the anxiety or fear subsides. The whole process is carried out with both parties collaborating together to achieve the goal, first through ââ¬Å"in vivo exposure, such as imagining giving a speech and when the situation become easier, then the client progresses to the situation in the real world. The use of home work is also use. Despite all the good attributes associated with CBT, it is not without its own limitations. CBT is very complex to implement having a poor outcome with substance users who have a higher level of cognitive impairment (Patient UK). The availability of well trained and experienced qualified therapist is hard to get in the rural communities (Robertson, 2010). CBT does not work for everybody, and requires high commitment from the patient who see the home work as difficult and challenging (Patient UK). Some aspects of CBT therapy cannot be applied on people with learning disability and language is a barrier for those who English is not their first language. Nurses interact and undertake more roles with patient, and they are the first contact complaints are made to, which could give them an opportunity to offer CBT skills in the nursing process if it was incorporated in their training. (Padesky and Greenberger, 1995) Thus, the teaching of basic CBT skills is now being incorporated into the curriculum of the Mental Health Nursing pre/post registration programme. According to Gournay, K (2005), mental health nurses are now taking up challenging roles in management and nurse prescribing, giving advantage of freeing up the psychiatrist to undertake the more complex cases. The case for a nurse cognitive-behavioural therapist has been made glaring by the shortage of qualified therapist as a result of the widening evidence base for the approach and the recommendation by the NICE guidance for the provision of CBT for the treatment of hallucination and delusions (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002). As recovery is all about inspiri ng hope to the patients, the mental health nurses will be better equipped to offer a person centred care required for patient recovery. The incorporation of CBT to mental health nurses curriculum will prepare nurses to be more collaborative in approach, and allow patients to have more input in their care which will improve the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient and make nurses more approachable. With the advent of computer based CBT, the need for patients to meet with the therapist on a one on one basis is reduced, thus addressing the shortages of therapist and opening a new window for the people who are depressed or withdrawn to use the approach. (Robertson, 2010). There is prospect for mental health nursing considering the boost in career prospect this will bring to the profession and their position in the multidisciplinary team. This assignment has been an eye opener for me as a mental health student. It has exposed me to various issues in mental health, past present. And given me the opportunity to plan ahead of the future in shaping my direction in the profession. The essay has also given me the opportunity to know about the history of CBT and the various treatment approaches used before its era. It has given me the opportunity to see the interrelationship between CBT and recovery in care practice and also shown me that CBT skills will greatly enhance the quality of care provided by the mental health nurse. CBT should be made mandatory for all mental health nurses as a matter of necessity. REFERENCES Barker, P. (Ed) (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold. Gournay, k. (2005) ââ¬ËThe changing face of psychiatric nursing: revisiting mental health nursingââ¬â¢, Advances in psychiatry treatment, 11, pp. 6-11 RCPSYCH (Online). Available at: http://www.apt.rcpsch.org/cgi/c Hersen, M. and Gross, A. (2008) Handbook of Clinical Psychology. Volume 1. John Wiley Sons. Heimberg, R. and Becker, R. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural group therapy for social phobia: basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. 1st edt. New York: Guilford Press. Marlowe, J. (2011) ââ¬ËHistorical treatments for anxietyââ¬â¢ (Online). Available at: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5681571_hist. Norman, I. and Ryrie, I. (2009) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing. 2nd edn. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. National Institute for health and clinical excellence (2010) Summary of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions recommended by NICE. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/com Padesky,C. and Greenberger, D. (1995) Clinicians Guide to Mind Over Mood. London. Guilford Press. Patient UK (2011) what is cognitive-behavioural therapyAvailable at: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/cognitive- RCPSYCH (2010) ââ¬ËAnxiety, Panic and Phobiasââ¬â¢. Available at: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfof (Assessed: 4 March 2011). Robertson, D. (2010) The Philosophy of cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as rational and cognitive psychotherapy. London: Karmac. Shawe-Taylor, M. and Rigby, J. (1999) ââ¬ËCognitive behaviour therapy: its evolution and basic principlesââ¬â¢, The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 199(4), pp. 244-246. Till, R. (2007) ââ¬ËThe values of recovery within mental health nursingââ¬â¢, Mental health practice, 11(3), pp.32-36. Westbrook, D. Kennerley, H. And Kirk, J. (2007) An Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy- skills and applications. London: Sage. How to cite Principles and practice of mental health nursing, Essay examples nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-4333322931555038092020-04-28T11:50:00.001-07:002020-04-28T11:50:03.306-07:00Operating Plan Essays - Retailing, Payment Systems, Operating Plan OPERATING PLAN ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES Receiving orders for meals Transactions at the Home Cookin' restaurant will be done in a very simple, yet effective manner. In the store there will be a counter with an electronic cash register. All sales will be rung up using this register. Cash transactions will be the simplest and most straight forward. Customers wishing to pay with check must have identification. Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are expectable credit cards but must be verified first. Paying the supplier The suppliers will not be paid in cash. Our corporate office instead will pay them within 30 days. Inventory Control Inventory will be taken every Sunday and Wednesday night. The goal is to have the least amount of inventory left over as possible. Budgets Company budgets for all expense items will be monitored by corporate. Travel, phone usage, entertainment and other expense items may only be used for company related activities by the Managers. It is the responsibility of corporate to make sure these expenses do not exceed the amount budgeted by for each account. Security Systems Sonitrol security systems will be on during all closing hours. Cash will be secured through daily deposits in addition to keeping less than $200 in the cash drawer at all times. RISK ANAYLSIS Sales Projections If sales projections prove wrong we will take immediate steps to evaluate the cash flows, cut expenses and propose a new adjusted projection for sales. Competition There is much competition within the area of Muncie. If these competitors made an attempt to destroy our market place or initiate a price war, we would take the following actions: -Emphasize uniqueness through advertising and promotions -Lower prices too comparable price of competitor's items. -Negotiations with competition. Management Problems If problems with management were to arise, the corporation would need to access the problem and determine a solution. Steps to be taken would include warning, probation period, or termination. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-3847999560710866352020-03-20T01:26:00.001-07:002020-03-20T01:26:02.435-07:00Black Elks Oral Narrative essaysBlack Elks Oral Narrative essays John Neihardt was the one person that Black Elk would share his visions with. Black Elk wanted to pass along to future generations some of the reality of Oglala life. For this reason, Neihardt should have felt privileged and made it his main goal to make sure he interpreted everything in as much detail as possible. For Neihardt to suppress unnecessary details, alter awkward expressions, and introduce a tone of reverence and solemnity, takes away from the story that Black Elk was trying to relay. Black Elk probably wouldnt have even told his story to Neihardt had he knew the way Neihardt would write his story with so many missing details. For most general readers, the story was easier to follow without the detailed omissions. Neihardt most likely made theses omissions for the reason that it would be easier to understand. However, the detailed omissions are significant to some people such as anthropologists and people of religion. The transcript has all the specific details, but Neihardts story fails at relaying all Black Elk wanted to share with future generations. Black Elk intended for his whole oral narrative to be translated and put into his story, and Neihardt failed him. The ending does transmute the oral narrative into literature. Neihardt was trying to make the story more reader friendly, but he should have realized that this particular story should have been told the way Black Elk told the story. Neihardt ended the story as though it was him writing his own story. Neihardt should have just ended the story the way it should have been ended, and that is with the words of Black Elk. Neihardt was definitely the speaker at the end because Black Elk would not have said anything about not being sure whether that part of the story happened or not. Neihardt was basically ending the story in a way that he felt was a good way to end the story from a literature standpoint. ... nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-61112139711426949302020-03-03T17:10:00.001-08:002020-03-03T17:10:03.002-08:00Battle of Chattanooga in American Civil WarBattle of Chattanooga in American Civil War The Battle of Chattanooga was fought November 23-25, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union forces relieve the city and drive away the Confederate Army of Tennessee. Following its defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 18-20, 1863), the Union Army of the Cumberland, led by Major General William S. Rosecrans, retreated back to its base at Chattanooga. Reaching the safety of the town, they quickly erected defenses before General Braxton Braggs pursuing Army of Tennessee arrived. Moving towards Chattanooga, Bragg assessed his options for dealing with the beaten enemy. Unwilling to incur the heavy losses associated with assaulting a well-fortified enemy, he considered moving across the Tennessee River. This move would force Rosecrans to abandon the city or risk being cut off from his lines of retreat north. Though ideal, Bragg was forced to dismiss this option as his army was short on ammunition and lacked sufficient pontoons to mount a major river crossing. As a result of these issues, and upon learning that Rosecrans troops were short on rations, he instead elected to lay siege to the city and moved his men into commanding positions atop Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.à Opening the Cracker Line Across the lines, a psychologically shattered Rosecrans struggled with the day-to-day issues of his command and showed no willingness to take decisive action. With the situation deteriorating, President Abraham Lincoln created the Military Division of the Mississippi and placed Major General Ulysses S. Grant in command of all Union armies in the West. Moving quickly, Grant relieved Rosecrans, replacing him with Major General George H. Thomas. While en route to Chattanooga, Grant received word that Rosecrans was preparing to abandon the city. Sending word ahead that it was to be held at call costs, he received a reply from Thomas stating, We will hold the town till we starve. Arriving, Grant endorsed a plan by the Army of the Cumberlands chief engineer, Major General William F. Baldy Smith, to open a supply line to Chattanooga. After launching a successful amphibious landing at Browns Landing on October 27, west of the city, Smith was able open a supply route known as the Cracker Line. This ran from Kelleys Ferry to Wauhatchie Station, then turned north up the Lookout Valley to Browns Ferry. Supplies could then be moved across Moccasin Point to Chattanooga. Wauhatchie On the night of October 28/29, Bragg ordered Lieutenant General James Longstreet to sever the Cracker Line. Attacking at Wauhatchie, the Confederate general engaged Brigadier General John W. Gearys division. In one of the few Civil War battles fought entirely at night, Longstreets men were repulsed. With a way into Chattanooga open, Grant began reinforcing the Union position by sending Major General Joseph Hooker with the XI and XII Corps and then an additional four divisions under Major General William T. Sherman. While Union forces were growing, Bragg reduced his army by sending Longstreets corps to Knoxville to attack a Union force under Major General Ambrose Burnside. Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George H. Thomas56,359 effectives Confederacy General Braxton BraggLieutenant General William Hardee44,010 men The Battle Above the Clouds Having consolidated his position, Grant began offensive operations on November 23, by ordering Thomas to advance from the city and take a string of hills near the foot of Missionary Ridge. The next day, Hooker was ordered to take Lookout Mountain. Crossing the Tennessee River, Hookers men found that the Confederates had failed to defend a defile between the river and mountain. Attacking through this opening, Hookers men succeeded in pushing the Confederates off the mountain. As the fighting ended around 3:00 PM, a fog descended on the mountain, earning the battle the name The Battle Above the Clouds (Map). To the north of the city, Grant ordered Sherman to attack the north end of Missionary Ridge. Moving across the river, Sherman took what he believed was the north end of the ridge, but was actually Billy Goat Hill. His advance was stopped by Confederates under Major General Patrick Cleburne at Tunnel Hill. Believing a frontal assault on Missionary Ridge to be suicidal, Grant planned to envelop Braggs line with Hooker attacking the south and Sherman from the north. To defend his position, Bragg had ordered three lines of rifle pits dug on the face of Missionary Ridge, with artillery on the crest. Missionary Ridge Moving out the next day, both attacks met with little success as Shermans men were unable to break Cleburnes line and Hooker was delayed by burned bridges over Chattanooga Creek. As reports of slow progress arrived, Grant began to believe that Bragg was weakening his center to reinforce his flanks. To test this, he ordered Thomas to have his men advance and take the first line of Confederate rifle pits on Missionary Ridge. Attacking, the Army of the Cumberland, which for weeks had endured taunts about the defeat at Chickamauga, succeeded in driving the Confederates from their position. Halting as ordered, the Army of the Cumberland soon found itself taking heavy fire from the other two lines of rifle pits above. Without orders, the men began advancing up the hill to continue the battle. Though initially furious at what he perceived to be a disregard for his orders, Grant moved to have the attack supported. On the ridge, Thomas men advanced steadily, aided by the fact that Braggs engineers had mistakenly placed the artillery on the actual crest of the ridge, rather than the military crest. This error prevented the guns from being brought to bear on the attackers. In one of the wars most dramatic events, the Union soldiers surged up the hill, broke Braggs center, and put the Army of Tennessee to rout. Aftermath The victory at Chattanooga cost Grant 753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing. Braggs casualties were listed as 361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 captured and missing. The Battle of Chattanooga opened the door for the invasion of the Deep South and the capture of Atlanta in 1864. In addition, the battle decimated the Army of Tennessee and forced Confederate President Jefferson Davis to relieve Bragg and replace him General Joseph E. Johnston. Following the battle, Braggs men retreated south to Dalton, GA. Hooker was dispatched to pursue the broken army, but was defeated by Cleburne at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on November 27, 1863. The Battle of Chattanooga was the last time Grant fought in the West as he moved East to deal with Confederate General Robert E. Lee the following spring. The Battle of Chattanooga is sometimes known as the Third Battle of Chattanooga in reference to the engagements fought in the area June 1862 and August 1863. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-48606949490490672312020-02-16T08:36:00.001-08:002020-02-16T08:36:02.384-08:00What are the most important differences between rationalists and Term PaperWhat are the most important differences between rationalists and empiricists(Site specific philosophers in each group) - Term Paper Example It is known that rationalists and empiricists give different answers to the above-mentioned questions. Such rationalists as Des Cartes stated that one always describes the highest truth by means of logic and reason. One should not apply subjective or direct experience to do that. As for empiricistââ¬â¢s point of view, experience is very important as it is the basis of oneââ¬â¢s development of logic. Once Isaac Asimov uttered that ââ¬Å"I prefer rationalism to atheism. The question of God and other objects-of-faith are outside reason and play no part in rationalism, thus you do not have to waste your time in either attacking or defendingâ⬠(Lacewing, 65). This statement demonstrates that for Asimov it was better and more convenient to use rationalism than empiricism. As for empiricism, it teaches that one should not try learning more about God with the help of reason. This school recommends using two projects instead of that. They are: critical and constructive. The first one focuses on the elimination of what is known by metaphysicians. The second pays attention to the commentaries of religious texts. A strong point of empiricism is that people are able quickly understand the sources of information/knowledge. In the majority of cases it is received with the help of the senses. It is a casual process. Experience helps to form oneââ¬â¢s concepts. When the latter are gained, their understanding gives to the individual analytic knowledge. Thus, John Locke is sure that ââ¬Å"all ideas are derived from sense experience. The mind is a ââ¬Ëtabula rasaââ¬â¢, empty at birth. He begins his argument by attacking the opposite point of view ââ¬â that some ideas are not derived from sense experience, but are ââ¬Ëinnateââ¬â¢. By ââ¬Ëinnate ideaââ¬â¢ Locke means a concept or proposition which is part of the mind from birth. For an idea to be part of the mind, the nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-62555568769464995672020-02-02T18:37:00.001-08:002020-02-02T18:37:02.330-08:00Art of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsArt of Darkness - Essay Example rop Frye discusses it in his essay, refers simply to a special kind of narrative.1 The special nature of this narrative is that it is devised to reflect the beliefs of a particular culture, especially as it uses the concept of the supernatural to explore and explain natural events and the essence of human nature. Fryeââ¬â¢s argument is that this mythic narrative is included in almost all of the archetypes used in literature and that these concepts are also found within our most sacred ritual events as we continue to seek the true nature of the order of life. Considering Fryeââ¬â¢s discussion of myth, ritual and the natural cycle as it is presented in The Archetypes of Literature, it can be seen that there are several rituals and beliefs that we experience in modern life that we are perhaps not even aware of as being a voluntary affirmation of the natural order of life, such as the beliefs we associate with the concept of darkness. An examination into the traditional values asso ciated with darkness helps to inform the shift in focus seen as the world began to shift into its more modern configuration. Generally acknowledged to have started with the publication of Horace Walpoleââ¬â¢s novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764, the Gothic genre represents a fundamental shift in thinking from one dominated by ideals and reason to one of imagination and emotion.2 Gothic literature is characterized by its unique way of combining horror and romance to create a completely new genre that, particularly after the advent of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theory,3 focused more and more on the power of the mind to terrify itself. Common elements found within Gothic literature include terror, the supernatural, ghosts, haunted houses with a particular type of architecture, castles, darkness, death, madness, secrets and hereditary curses. Characters typically fall into stereotypical personas such as the femmes fatales, flawed heroes, monsters of various types and flawed individuals. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-85958120313456446682020-01-25T15:00:00.001-08:002020-01-25T15:00:04.069-08:00The Concept Of Csr Business EssayThe Concept Of Csr Business Essay 2.2 The History of CSR through the Centuries. The Business Relations, Accountability, Sustainability and Society Centre, known as BRASS, in its report History of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability (2007), states that The history of social and environmental concern about business is as old as trade and business itself. Commercial logging operations for example, together with laws to protect forests, can both be traced back almost 5,000 years. In Ancient Mesopotamia around 1700 BC, King Hammurabi introduced a code in which builders, innkeepers or farmers were put to death if their negligence caused the deaths of others, or major inconvenience to local citizens. In Ancient Rome senators grumbled about the failure of businesses to contribute sufficient taxes to fund their military campaigns, while in 1622 disgruntled shareholders in the Dutch East India Company started issuing pamphlets complaining about management secrecy and self-enrichment . Moving further, Eberstadt (1977) claims in his study that phenomena of social responsibility were already presented in the ancient Greece, while todays corporate responsibility movement is an attempt to restore a 2,000-year-old tradition of businesses being connected to the community (cited in Panwar, Rinne, Hansen Juslin, 2006). In the 18th century the businesses started to anticipate that having an efficient labour force was essential for the successful delivery of their activities. During that period Adam Smith, the great moral philosopher and pioneer in economics, present for the first time the traditional or classical economic model. The model suggested that the needs and the interests of the public would best be met if the individuals act in self-interest manner. Driven by their own self-interests, the individuals would produce and deliver goods and services which would earn them profit, but also meet the needs of the others (Fernando, 2009). According to Brown (2005), the companies in order to keep their employees satisfied, because of the negative effects that the lack of food, housing and healthcare had in the labour force efficiency, they started to invest in housing, healthcare and nourishment. Thus, the worker villages of the industrial revolution, company medical facilities and the subsidized wor ks canteen appeared. That action of social philanthropy by the companies can be considered as the forerunner of the modern day CSR. Sims (2003) claims that the contemporary CSR originated back to the beginning of the 20th century and is based upon two principles. The first, the principle of charity, is based on religious tradition and suggests that those who are well financially should give to those with difficulties. The second one, the principle of stewardship, says that the organisations have an obligation to serve the society and satisfy the publics needs since their wealth and the power that they have springs through their activities within the society. This second principle had an impact on affected how companies were faced by governments, press and other groups and led to the conduction of new more socially responsible laws. The turn of the businesses to the society and the development of a more societal thinking led the organisations to increase their responsibility and consideration for both social and environmental well-being. This response to environmental and social matters by the corporations is what it is known today as Corporate Social Responsibility (Panwar et al., 2006). 2.3 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility The rise of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility during the past decades resulted to the continuous debate about the exact meaning of the term. The only generally accepted view about the term CSR is that is a concept which covers several aspects. Frankental (2001), comments that CSR is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and therefore is effectively without meaning. Castka, Bamber, Bamber and Sharp (2004) argue that there is no single authoritative definition of CSR. The CSR concept seems to be a loosely defined umbrella embracing a vast number of concepts traditionally framed as environmental concerns, sustainable development public relations, corporate philanthropy, human resource management and community relations. During the examination of various literatures it can be seen that there is not a single generally accepted definition, although many authors and worldwide institutions defined the term CSR in similar ways. The first academically accepted definition of CSR can be found in the book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, written by Howard Bowen in 1953. Bowen defines CSR as an obligation to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action that are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society (cited in Panwar et al., 2006). Carroll (2004) argues that the social responsibility of businesses encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time, while Buhmann (2006) simply defines CSR as doing more than what is required by law. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2005), define CSR as the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines CSR as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large (cited in Castka et al., 2004). Finally, the internationally known law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer in the report The Development and Impact of CSR on the Construction Industry (2006), defines CSR as the voluntary integration of environmental, social and human rights considerations into business operations, over and above legal requirements and contractual obligations. To conclude, it can be clearly seen that the base line of the above definitions is the volunteering obligation that the organisations must have over their employees and their families, the environment and the general public which sometimes may go further their legal requirements. 2.4 Layers of Corporate Social Responsibility According to Sachs, Ruhli, and Mittnacht (2005) the probably best known economic paradigm that prepare the ground for further research on the concept of CSR is the Carroll Pyramid (Figure 1). FIGURE 1 Carroll (1991) suggests that there are four kind of social responsibilities that an organisation should take into account while conducting its activities and those responsibilities constitute total CSR. Those four social responsibilities of an organisation were presented into a four-layered pyramid model, called The Pyramid of Responsibilities. The four layers of responsibilities are economical, legal, ethical and philanthropic. The bottom layer and the foundation of the pyramid is the Economic Responsibilities. The business must be profitable in order to keep its shareholders satisfied, produce goods and services necessary to the consumers and be able to create new jobs and promote innovation. The second layer of responsibilities is the legal and is all about following the law. The businesses should not only be profit driven but at the same time they must respect the laws and regulations produced by government and it is expected that the businesses would keep their economic activities inside the framework of the law and pay by the rules of the game. The ethical responsibilities are related to fairness and morality. The peoples rights and beliefs must be respected, any kind of harm, physical or social, must be avoided and any harm caused by others must be prevented. The last layer is the philanthropic responsibilities which urge the businesses to be good corporate citizens. The businesses through their activities must contribute resources to the community and most importantly must be able to help to improvement of the quality of life. Carroll placed the four layers of responsibility in a pyramid in order to show the strong connection between the four kinds of responsibilities. If a kind of responsibility in the pyramid model is absent then the ones above cannot be achieved. Lantos (2001) characterises the Carrolls pyramid model of CSR as altruistic or humanitarian and argued that the firm will be good to use it as marketing too in order to promote its image. Following this view Lantos (2001) proposes a new model of responsibilities by reclassifying Carrolls pyramid from four to three layers. The first layer of Lantos model is the Ethical CSR and includes economic, legal and ethical responsibilities as one group. The second layer is the Altruistic CSR which is equal to Carrolls philanthropic layer and suggests that businesses must contribute to the community even if a part of the profits must be sacrificed. The last layer of Lantos model is the Strategic CSR where businesses are fulfilling their philanthropic responsibilities not only because of generosity but also because they expect financial returns from the positive publicity. 2.5 Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are two close related concepts but they are not identical. As it can be seen Business Ethics play a very important role in Carrolls Pyramid of responsibilities as Ethics Responsibilities are placed in the second highest layer. Both concepts refer to values, goals and decision making based on something more than just making a profit (Mullerat, 2010). In general terms the bottom line of ethics is individually doing the right thing while avoid evil and harmful actions for you and the others in your activities. On the other hand CSR is more about the obligations that an organisation must have over its stakeholders than just its shareholders. A socially responsible organisation must act ethically (Mullerat, 2010). Phatak, Bhagat and Kashlak (2005) define Business Ethics as the moral thinking and analysis by corporate decision-makers and other members regarding the motives and consequences of their decisions and actions. Furthermore, Ferrell and Fraedrich (1998) add that business ethics compromises moral principles and standards that guide behaviour in the world of business. The concept of Business Ethics is vital for every self-respected organisation and this is why many companies today develop codes of ethics and make commitments about their ethical behaviour to the public (Fisher, 2003). According to Seitel (2001), the organisations develop ethics codes in order to: Increase public confidence: Due to various scandals, mainly concerning corruption and briberies inside organisations, the publics trust for businesses has been declined. Thus, companies have decided to adopt the ethics code in order to improve their image. Stem the tight of regulation: Due to the declining trust and confidence of the public for businesses, the governments increased their legislations and regulations in order to reverse the situation. The companies adopted the ethics codes in order to show that they have ethical behaviour and can be trusted. Improve internal regulations: Due to the increase of the size of organisations and the development of multinational operations it is essential that some codes of conduct must be created in order to have the same behaviour standards among the employees. Business ethics depend on two main factors, culture and time (Svensson and Wood, 2003). The business environment culture is influenced by traditions, religion, ethical values and individuals and can be defined as what is accepted and what is unaccepted. The companys success can be affected if different opinions, that is to say different cultures, cannot be adopted satisfactory by the organisation. Additionally, what is accepted and what is unaccepted can be affected by the business time element. The business world is a fast changing environment and what is considered ethical today it can turn out to be unethical tomorrow. As it can be seen the success or the failure of a business is closely connected with ethics and that is why Business Ethics must be used as a corporate philosophy rather than a corporate code in every organisation. To conclude, Johnson et al. (2005) argue that the societys expectations, which have major influence on companies and organisations, are based on three levels of Business Ethics. The macro level is the first one and is related to the ethical posture of the company. Simply, the macro level is related to the extent in which the organisations are willing to do more than their legal requirements in order to satisfy their stakeholders. The second one is a part of the macro level and is the Corporate Social Responsibility level. This level is concerned the ability of organisations to surpass the minimum requirements needed in order to maintain the organisations ethical stance. The individual or managerial level is the last level of Business Ethics. This is a very important level since is connected with the behaviour and actions of individuals inside the organisation. 2.6 Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility The current momentum behind Corporate Social Responsibility is being built based on a variety of very important factors. Ernst and Young (2002) mention that there are five key drivers which encourage the increasing business focus on CSR. These are: (1) greater stakeholder awareness of corporate ethical, social and environmental behaviour, (2) direct stakeholder pressures, (3) investor pressure, (4) peer pressure and (5) an increased sense of social responsibility (cited in Jones, Comfort and Hillier, 2006). Panwar et al. (2006), argue that there are diverse motivations that lead to the adoption of CSR by the organisations. For example a business is adopting CSR in order to meet mandatory legal requirements aimed at controlling destructive business practices while another business is using CSR in order to increase its productivity and improve its financial performance. It is also suggested that a company by using CSR in its practises can improve functional areas such as market positioning and risk management. According to Wood (1991), the concept of CSR is being driven by three major principles. Firstly, businesses are obliged to use their power responsibly since they are above all social institutions. Secondly, the responsibility for the outcomes of the involvement with the public is upon businesses. Lastly, discretion must be exercised in decision making processes by the individual managers who are also moral agents. Andriof and McIntosh (2001) believe that the driving force behind the concept of CSR is the consumers and employees. These two categories are holding the power in the market system nowadays. Consumers and employees are now well informed about the several challenges the world has to face and they do not really believe that the governments can change things. They accept that corporations are the most powerful social institutions of the present era and most importantly they are willing to reward those corporations who are responsive to their concerns. Finally, Girod and Bryane (2003) use a strategic marketing view arguing that CSR is a key tool to create, develop and sustain differentiated brand names. Furthermore, the Commission of the European Communities (2002) argues that the organisations in order to better respond to the fundamental changes in the overall business environment they adopted CSR and used it as an important element in new and emerging forms of governance. These changes include globalisation and the responsibilities companies feel the need to address, as they increasingly source products and services in developing countries; the issues of image and reputation, which have become increasingly important elements in corporate success; and the need for companies to recruit and retain highly skilled personnel (cited in Jones, et al., 2006). 2.7 Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Many organisations are using nowadays CSR as a marketing tool due to the fact that the implementation of CSR practices can bring to the organisation a wide range of potential benefits, both direct and indirect. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has said that implementing a CSR policy, can bring real business benefits by reducing risk, by enhancing brand value, by opening doors and creating good will, and by improving staff efficiency and morale. It can also attract stable and ethical investment and add competitive edge (Chartered Institute of Building, Report) According to Mackey, Mackey Barney (2005) in the case that a company surpasses the minimum CSR requirements then the potential benefits can lead to a positive effect to the companys performance and value. Gildea (1994) and Zaman et al. (1991), stress out that research has shown that companies that care for the environment and exhibit good CSR practices experience increased consumer purchase preference in addition to increased investment appeal (cited in Panwar et al., 2006). Many consumers prefer to buy for ethical business. A survey conducted by Cone Inc. (2004) showed that 91% of the consumers have a more positive image of a product or a company when it supports a cause. The 90% of the consumers would consider switching to another companys product or services if they found out about a companys any unlawful or unethical practises. In addition, Muckiewicz (1993) supports that the reputation of an organisation plays a vital role as research studies show that 9 out of 10 consumers use it in order to decide which product or service they will buy from those that are similar in price and quality. According to Bernstein (2004), CSR benefits both the company and the community. Due to use of CSR the corporate culture and corporate name of the company can be improved significantly thus the best employees can be attracted and the motivation of the workforce will remain in high levels. The society benefits from CSR practices as well through a variety of services and action, though the company has to create some sort of societal benefit in order to be called socially responsible. Some of the potential benefits that a business can have from the use of CSR practices can include improved financial performance and profitability; reduced operating costs; long-term sustainability for companies and their employees; increased staff commitment and involvement; enhanced capacity to innovate; good relations with government and communities; better risk and crisis management; enhanced reputation and brand value; and the development of closer links with customers and greater awareness of their needs (cited in Jones et al., 2006) . Table 1 presents a summary of business benefits of CSR. TABLE 1 Concluding, it must be noted that the benefits from the adoption of CSR practises can never be predicted or be constant since each company operates in a different and always changing environment. Barnett (2007) adds that this unpredictability could lead to limited support for CSR initiatives from the board, in times of financial instability. Thus, the business case supporting CSR has to be specific for every company and based on Rowley and Berman (2000) CSR achievements of an organisation cannot be collated against some standards, since those does not exist. Furthermore, McWilliams and Siegel (2001) point out that the potential existence of those standards would allow CSR to be considered as part of the investment decisions, as the company would be able to make judgements for its business case in a more formal way. 2.8 Criticism against Corporate Social Responsibility The concept of CSR, as it can be seen from the various definitions presented on previous paragraphs, is based upon the principle that businesses do have another responsibility than just making profits. Every organisation has a responsibility towards the society, its people and the environment as well. At the same time, many are those who are opposed the idea of integrating CSR practices into their corporations and they believe that shareholders interest can be conflicted by operating a good business. Dr Milton Friedmann (1970), a renowned economist, in his article The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits affirms that there is one and only one social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. According to his economic model the organisation is an economic institution which should only focus in the economic scope. Organisations are seen purely as legal entities incapable of value decisions. A manager who uses a firms resources for non-profit social purposes is thought to be diverting economic efficiency and levying an illegal tax on the organisation (Balabanis, Phillips and Lyall, 1998). Following this view Dr Robert Barrington (2008) states that the managers are concentrated on soft issues rather than hard issues of the bottom line and this is something that is costing money to the shareholders. Moving further Frankental (2001), conclude that CSR is simply a public relations invention and it will remain like this. He believes that CSR can only have real substance if it embraces all the stakeholders of a company, if it is reinforced by changes in company law relating to governance, if it is rewarded by financial markets, if its definition relates to the goals of social and ecological sustainability, if its implementation is benchmarked and audited, if it is open to public scrutiny, if the compliance mechanisms are in place, and if it is embedded across the organisation horizontally and vertically. Henderson (2001) after the examination of various issues related to the concept of CSR comments that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦the current widely-held doctrine of CSR is deeply flawed. It rests on a mistaken view of issues and events, and its general adoption by businesses would reduce welfare and undermine the market economy. In the same motion Moir (2001) suggests that those who adopt the neoclassical model of business would follow the view that the only social responsibilities that a corporation can have are to provide employment, pay taxes and mainly to maximise its profits; therefore, maximise its shareholders value. On the other extreme of the arguments above, Dave Packard, the co-founder of Hewlett Packard Company once said I think many people assume, wrongly, that a company exists simply to make money. While this is an important result of a companys existence, we have to go deeper and find the real reasons for our beingà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. We inevitably come to the conclusion that a group of people get together and exist as an institution that we call a company so that they are able to accomplish something collectively that they could not accomplish separately they make a contribution to society (cited in Handy, 2002). Concluding, Freeman (1984) argues that a corporation is wrong to be seen just as a private economic institution, as it was suggested by Friedman (1970), but it has to be also seen as a social institution. This way, corporations would be responsible for any of their actions against the people, the community and the environment. Based on his Stakeholder Theory, companies operations should not be based on the interests of their shareholders but they have to be based on the interested of their stakeholders. 2.9 Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholders The definition given about the concept of CSR from Johnson et al. (2005) includes the words obligations to stakeholders, which indicates that stakeholders have an important role to play in this extent. Freeman (1984), the father of the Stakeholder Theory of the firm, defines stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives. The Stakeholder Theory of the firm is used as a basis to analyse those groups to whom the firm should be responsible (Moir, 2001). The identification of the different stakeholder groups of the organisation is extremely important during the implementation of CSR practices. Usually the stakeholder groups are separated into primary and secondary stakeholders. According to Clarkson (1995) a primary stakeholder group is one without whose continuing participation the corporation cannot survive as a going concern, while a secondary stakeholder group is those who influence or affect, or are influenced or affected by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation and are not essential for its survival. Based on those definitions a primary stakeholder group contains shareholders and investors, employees, customers, suppliers, governments and communities. The secondary stakeholder group includes the media and a wide range of special interest groups (Clarkson, 1995). According to Freemans (1984) definition of stakeholders the relation between the company and its stakeholders can be described as two-way. Castka et al. (2006) support the view that the implementation of CSR is all about the right choices and strategic decisions and comment that the dilemmas that an organisations stakeholders can have are which choices and decision must choose in order to satisfy. Berman, Wicks, Kotha and Jones (1999), in order to find a solution for those dilemmas, derived two distinct stakeholder management approaches; the instrumental and the normative approach. The first, instrumental approach, suggests that concern for stakeholders is motivated by the perception that financial performance can be improved. The second, intrinsic stakeholder commitment approach, assumes that organisations have a normative (moral) commitment to advance stakeholders interests (Castka et al. 2006). The instrumental approach was the one empirically supported in Berman et al. (1999) res earch while Harrison and Freeman (1999) mention that the conduction of more research is essential in order to clarify the model of the normative approach. Although further research is required it can be clearly anticipated, through the examination of various literature, that the instrumental approach is the most desirable among researchers. McWilliams and Siegel (2001) suggest that corporations need to carefully consider in which aspects of the CSR to invest in and they comment that by using cost-benefit analysis the managers can ideally determine the level of CSR. Additionally, Agle, Mitchell and Sonnenfeld (1999) argue that the decision to make a CSR investment is driven by the needs of the most powerful stakeholders within the organisation, such as top management staff and is usually connected with their desire to gain more profits and increase the shareholders value. Finally Castka et al (2004) believe that the purpose of CSR is an investment and it must be considered and treated like one. Moving further they suggest that the balance between the need for maximizing profit from CSR and the demand for CSR from multiple stakeholders is the key to a core return on investment in CSR (Figure 2). In order to achieve this balance stakeholders expectations should be assessed and examined through dialogues and must be translated and included into the companys strategy plan. FIGURE 2 2.10 Areas of Corporate Social Responsibility Andriof and McIntosh (2001) write that CSR is not chequebook philanthropy, nor a study based on business ethics. They argue that the concept of CSR can be described as a vision that corporate leaders have for their business which is beyond of just making profits. CSR has an impact on every activity of the company and can affect areas either inside or outside the company. According to Andriof and McIntosh (2001) the four distinct areas that CSR encompasses are: The Community The Environment The Marketplace The Workplace By operating within these four areas companies can conduct specific programmes and make the difference and can actively monitor, evaluate and change their effects of their activities. The implementation of CSR and the thinking behind becoming involved in these areas represents the new way of doing business. 2.11 Activities of Corporate Social Responsibility The concept of CSR can be divided into many and diverse domains. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) provide six broad domains of CSR activities, based on a comprehensive summarisation of CSR domains contained in Socrates: The Corporate Social Ratings Monitor (Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini Co. Inc. 1999), a database that describes and rates more than 600 companies in terms of their CSR records. These domains of CSR activities are: Community Support: The company provides support to the community with the use of health and educational and housing programs for financially disadvantaged. The generous and innovative giving is promoted Diversity: The company provides initiatives for sex, race, family, sexual orientation and disability diversity Employee Support: The company promotes health and safety, ensures job security and profit sharing, develops relations with the labour unions and allows employees involvement. Environment: The company avoids the use of hazardous waste management techniques, uses and produces environmental friendly products, develops pollution control and recycling techniques. Non-domestic Operations: The company prevents operations in countries where human right violations occur or unhealthy labour practices take place. Product: The company produces safe product and promotes research and development and innovation. Following the same line Johnson et al (2005) present a checklist of the organisations responsibilities. Those responsibilities are divided into two categories, the internal and the external aspects of CSR, based on the areas that the organisations activities can affect. Internal aspects of the companys activities can include employee welfare, working conditions, job design and intellectual property. External aspects of activities can include environmental issues, products, markets and marketing, suppliers, employment, community activity and human rights. 2.12 Factors influencing Corporate Social Responsibility nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-87608950015187285842020-01-17T11:23:00.001-08:002020-01-17T11:23:02.329-08:00A Study on the Effects and TreatmentAlcohol related mishaps and accidents remain the largest concern of society and in response to this more and more sectors of society have been implementing rules to curb the negative effects of teenage drinking.à There is no doubt that society has seen the negative consequences of teenage drinking.In a national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17, it was found that 15% of the sample used alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the past year (Farrell, 2006, p 284)).à This means that the problem of underage or teenage drinking is even more prevalent than other substances.Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is great concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence.Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in dicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Eaton, 2005, p. 79).Drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically.à This drinking problem has led to a number of problems such school absenteeism and failure, depression, risky behaviors (especially driving under the influence), addiction, and death.This brief discourse, shall tackle the issue of alcohol abuse in teenagers as well as the possible treatments that can be done.à It shall also provide an etiological perspective of the problem in order to show the different factors that affect teenage alcoholism.Working as a school counselor for this age group, I agree with the American Academy of Child and Adolescents Psychiatryââ¬â¢s Report (2007) which states that the following groups are most at risk for alcohol abuse: 1) teenagers with a family history of addiction, 2) teenagers suffering from depression, 3) teenagers suffering with low self-esteem, and 4) teenagers that have academic problems.It has been shown that from the following groups the teenagers with a history of alcohol have higher rates of alcohol addiction with over 42% of the sample size coming from that background.The next group is that of those who were drinking because they were upset with a rate of 40% while the rest admitted that they usually drink because of low self-esteem and peer pressure which accounts for 25% of the teenagers (Farrell, 2006, p.284).à The number of teenagers that drink due to academic problems has steadily been on the rise since 1998 and is now at a rate of 25% of the teenagers.à From the list, one could argue that most teenagers have been in one or more of its categories at one time in their lives.Etiological Approach:The article, Etiology of Alcoholism Reconsidered, is an insightful article that p rovides a biophysical analysis of the problem.à Alcohol related mishaps and accidents remain the largest concern of society and in response to this more and more sectors of society have been taking steps to understand the nature of the problem.à One such approach is the biophysical approach conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky on the Etiological Approach to Alcoholism.It is theorized in the study conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky that there are other factors that must be considered when studying the problem of alcoholism.à According to the authors, there are personality and childhood influences that must be examined in order to arrive at a better understanding of the problem.In the study conducted, Vailliant and Milofsky studied many different factors and collected different types of date including ethnicity, heredity, psychological instability, childhood and adult personality variables, and family background (Vailliant and Milofsky, 1982, p43).à The data that was colle cted from all of this was then used to quantify the variance of each of the different etiological factors.It was from the data analytic strategy that Vailliant and Milofsky were able to draw the conclusion that whenever there are correlations that exist between alcoholism and certain behavioral patterns or symptoms, it is usually alcoholism that is the cause of such behavior or symptom rather than it being the result (Vailliant and Milofsky, 1982, p483).Alcoholism is, according to the authors, not so much a disorder whose etiological causes are personality and behavior but rather, it is a precedent for such behaviors.à It was also noted from the study that ââ¬Å"premorbid antisocial behaviorâ⬠is a major contributor to the etiology of alcoholism.Another important finding in the article is the fact that while Vailliant and Milofsky greatly downplayed the role of child antisocial behavior, it played a significant role in most of the categories.As with the other etiological fa ctors, it has been shown that there are correlations that have been overlooked or underrepresented in the study conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky.à As such, this has led to the theory of Zucker that in order for there to be an accurate etiological study, there must be a study that is conducted over ââ¬Å"developmental timeâ⬠and inclusive of ââ¬Å"different levels of dataâ⬠since it is only through this process that a proper understanding can be arrived at (Zucker 1986).There are, however, still certain researchers who argue that this study was not significant in that it failed to account for certain factors or relationships such as that of antisocial behavior and personality factors which was thought to be underestimated in the study.à This does not detract, however, that the study process used presented an angle that was quantifiable and perhaps accurate of the etiology of alcoholism. à nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-88920836339003473752020-01-09T07:45:00.001-08:002020-01-09T07:45:04.836-08:00An Introduction To Psychology . The American Psychological An introduction to psychology The American Psychological Association ( APA) defines Psychology as the study of the mind and behavior. It is a discipline embraces the human experience (APA). Psychology was founded in Germnay during the 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who was conducting a research. There he was opened the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Wundt was joined in 1892 by G. Stanley Hall who founded the American Psychological Association. While he served as the president of APA, he contributed to the American Journal Association in 1887 and Journal applied Psychology in 1917 (Anderson 1929).Psycology was established separately from the General science like biology and philosophy. The different schools of psychology was toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In other words it takes humanity as a more dominant moral value. He argues that the term is used to describe is works is meaningless and identifies many Christians as being an existentialist. He seems quiet contradicting cause he also argues that thi s school is a form of atheism. Satre also identified Martin Heidegger who was a German and Albert Camus; a French philosopher as existentialist. According to Aristotle in his book Nicomachean Ethics 2002, he argues that ââ¬Ë we are essentially rational animals, so sees flourishing nature in terms of good exercise of our national faculties, and understands ethical virtue as the set of dispositions manifestedââ¬â¢. Existentialism believes that individuals are entirely free and must take personal responsibility. It also reacts to philosophy. Existentialism is often established among culture in the way there are identified by the dress code, food and religion. Behaviorism influence and the application of treatment The second school and system identified is the behaviorism. Founded by John B. Watson ; an American Psychologist. It is considered one of the most influenced schools of psychology. It is identified as learning theory that reinforces behavior. There is one theory that the behavior is based on the environment. The term can be defined as a psychological approach that began in 1913 by John Watson. Watson wrote that behaviorism claims the consciousness. Based on his understanding and study of psychology he believedShow MoreRelatedThe Health Of Health Psychology999 Words à |à 4 PagesHealth Psychology Introduction Health psychologists range from a wide area of careers and fields. They focus on how health and illnesses are effected by factors such as psychology, biology and social factors. Health psychologists also seek to answer, ââ¬Å"how people cope with chronic illness (both their own and othersââ¬â¢)â⬠(Lyons, Chamberlain, 2006, p. 6). 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In Milgramââ¬â¢s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-72908765662652770442020-01-01T04:11:00.001-08:002020-01-01T04:11:03.211-08:009 Ways to Say Goodbye in Italian Youââ¬â¢ve learned that thereââ¬â¢s more than just ciaoà when it comes to greeting others in Italian, and now you want to know how to say bye when you leave (the ice cream shop) or un negozio (a store). Here are 9 ways to say goodbye. 1.à Arrivederci! - Goodbye! At the end of a conversation, you can simply say ââ¬Å"arrivederciâ⬠and give a wave. While you might see the form ââ¬Å"arrivederlaâ⬠in textbooks, itââ¬â¢s often too formalââ¬âeven to use with strangersââ¬âso you can stick with this form. On its own, itââ¬â¢s still very polite. 2.à A presto! - See you soon/Talk to you soon You could say this at the end of a friendly meeting with an acquaintance that you bumped into on the street or use it to end an email that youââ¬â¢ve written to a friend. Itââ¬â¢s more generic in nature, so itââ¬â¢s great to use when youââ¬â¢re not sure when the next meeting will be. A similar generic phrase would be, ââ¬Å"Alla prossima! - To the next time we meet!â⬠3.à A domani! - See you tomorrow! This phrase speaks for itself. You use it when you plan on seeing the next person the next day. Feel free to say it to aà barista you plan on seeing again tomorrow for your morning caffà ¨. 4. Ci vediamo presto - Weââ¬â¢ll see each other soon This phrase is often used between friends who you plan on seeing later on. You may also hear ââ¬Å"Ci sentiamo presto,â⬠à which means, ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢ll hear from each other soon.â⬠5. A risentircià - Until our next meeting This farewell phrase is very formal. Itââ¬â¢s often used in office/work language and at the end of phone calls as a polite closing form. The formal form of this phrase is, ââ¬Å"A risentirla.â⬠6. Torni presto! - Come again soon! This is something you might hear from a friend you made while on your trip. It will most likely be followed by a hearty ââ¬Å"buon viaggio! - have a good trip!â⬠à In the informal, it would be ââ¬Å"Torna presto,â⬠à and you may even hear ââ¬Å"Torna presto a trovarci! - Come again to visit us soon!â⬠7.à Mi à ¨ piaciuto moltoà - I enjoyed myself very much While this isnt a traditional phrase for saying goodbye, it is a great one to use if you want to start wrapping up a social event, like a friend showing you around his or her city. If you want to add something extra, you can also say: ââ¬Å"ÃË stata una bella giornata/serata. - It was a beautiful day/night.â⬠8.à Buonanotte! - Goodnight! The best time to say ââ¬Å"buonanotteâ⬠to someone is right before theyââ¬â¢re going to bed. If youââ¬â¢re leaving a social situation and you want to wish someone a good night, itââ¬â¢s best to stick with ââ¬Å"Buona serata,â⬠which means, ââ¬Å"Have a good evening.â⬠9.à Buon viaggio! - Have a good trip! This is a great phrase to use when someone tells you that theyââ¬â¢re going on a trip or are returning back home. If youââ¬â¢re visiting Italy, itââ¬â¢s one that youââ¬â¢ll hear often once you announce that youââ¬â¢re returning home. The ââ¬Å"buon nounâ⬠structure is used very often in Italian, and other phrases youââ¬â¢ll hear that help end conversations are: Buon proseguimento! - Enjoy the rest of (whatever action you were doing before the conversation started)!Buono studio! - Enjoy studying!Buon lavoro! - Enjoy working!Buona giornata! - Enjoy your day!Buona serata! - Enjoy your evening!Buon divertimento! - Have fun!Buon rientro! - Have a safe trip back home! nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-3809808921338696942019-12-23T23:56:00.001-08:002019-12-23T23:56:03.934-08:00New High School Graduation Requirements - 789 Words Introduction In 2007 the Oregon Department of Education (ODE) adopted new high school graduation requirements. In addition to completing the stateââ¬â¢s credit requirements and demonstrating proficiency on state standardized assessments, students must meet three personalized learning requirements (PLRs): 1) completion of an education plan and profile; 2) participation in career-related learning experiences; and 3) extended application of personalized learning knowledge and skills in activities relevant to postsecondary and career goals. This process is intended to begin in grade 7 and continue through a studentââ¬â¢s senior year. See appendix A for more details on Oregonââ¬â¢s requirements. ODE and the Oregon Education Investment Board (OEIB) view the PLRs as critical to Oregon studentsââ¬â¢ postsecondary readiness and success. The two agencies are partnering with REL Northwest and the Oregon College and Career Readiness Research Alliance (OR CCR) to develop recommendations for increasing and improving PLR implementation at public schools across the state. This report provides a review of research on personalized learning and promising practices occurring across the country. In this brief, we use ââ¬Å"personalized learningâ⬠to refer to the entire process of completing PLRs. The process is often documented in and/or referred to as a personalized learning plan and includes participation in a variety of learning activities and experiences. This brief is intended for policymakers andShow MoreRelatedThe Transition Between High School And College775 Words à |à 4 Pagesbetween high school and college exemplifies this transition. Yet few of these students feel prepared for the challenge that is adult life. After living with their parents for 17-18 years, the move away from home and getting saddled with a plethora of responsibilities can be jolting. William Allen has many graduation requirements, but an Independent Living class is not one of them. This needs to change. High School ought to prepare students for the everyday aspect of college and life after school, notRead MoreWhy should high school students have to complete community service hours to graduate? When students900 Words à |à 4 Pages Why should high school students have to complete community service hours to graduate? When students start their high school career, they are thinking about their diploma and their future. People should not have to rake leaves for elderly people or serve food for their local retirement home to go to college. Getting good grades these days is hard enough, but trying to earn a certain number of community service hours makes high school even more demanding. Helping the community is great; however, duringRead MoreThe Transition Between High School And College Essay798 Words à |à 4 Pagesbetween high school and college exemplifies this transition. However few of these our students feel prepared for the challenge that is adult life. 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Education has taken a decline nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-31785998626753774512019-12-15T20:25:00.001-08:002019-12-15T20:25:04.232-08:00Mongoliaââ¬â¢s Karakorum Free Essays The ancient city of Karakorum in the 13th century according to history and archaeological records was the seat and the imperial capital of the Mongol Empire of Genghis (or Chinggis) Khan. It is located in the Ovohangai Mongolia, near the Orhon River and Mount Otuken according to Haw (2006, 32). The city was founded and erected by Genghis Khan himself in 1220 to serve as the seat of his vast Mongol Empire and not only served as the administrative center but a major cultural link between the East and the West. We will write a custom essay sample on Mongoliaââ¬â¢s Karakorum or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the 13th century, the area around Karakorum particularly Karabalghasun used to be the seat of the Uyghurs who needed a permanent fortified capital to store resources extorted from China in 750-757. Ideally, this place was the best choice because the Turks and the Mongols considered the surrounding lands as sacred. After the Uyghurs were destroyed in 840 by the Khirgiz; the region was transformed from a Turkish heartland to a Mongol land. The Khirgiz power was however centered on the Yenisei River to the North which was how the area around Mt. Outuken and Karakorum faded into oblivion according to Findley (2005, 49). Geographically Karakorum also lies in the northwestern corner of the Ãâ"và ¶rkhangai Province of Mongolia, near todayââ¬â¢s town of Kharkhorin. This region is surrounded by arable land making the soil generally soft and ideal for planting after the annual flooding according to Morgan (1986, 87). The land is also conducive to grazing which is highly acceptable and desirable to a nomadic tribe who relied on horses to travel faster to faraway lands. Present day Mongolia has discovered the ruins of the vast city of Karakorum in an area which was suitable for both crops and livestock and which possessed very old-established mining deposits Morgan(1986, 46). As a major geographic route in the Middle Ages, Karakorum is also a saddle between two mountains and a river and considered a relatively easy passage to the East which was how Genghis must have envisioned his central empire. When the Mongols reunited the steppe tribes, they created the largest land-based empire in history interlinking Europe and Asia under Genghis Khan in McCannon (2006, 143). However, prior to their expansion, the Mongols did not have a sophisticated society and proved adept at cultural borrowing as related in McCannon (2006, 144). History has related how the Mongols behaved like barbarians without any regard for personal care and clothing. As warriors, a nomadic life best suited them and anything that could slow their journey to the next city they could conquer is avoided. However Kwantes revealed that the Mongols massive journey and conquests into other lands awoke them to goods they had never seen (2005, 57). Khan and his men learned to appreciate the beautiful silk, delicious food and exotic items pillaged and gathered from other places (Kwantes, 57). They began to slowly learn about other peopleââ¬â¢s culture which changed their way of lives. Genghis Khanââ¬â¢s advisers told him once, ââ¬Å"thou has conquered great empire in the saddleâ⬠¦ thou cannot govern it so,â⬠(Kwantes 58). Clearly this advisor understood that Khanââ¬â¢s nomadic way of life could not continue when vast lands and goods were acquired without a central government devised to rule for such a grown empire. Understanding the need for continuity of the Mongol rule, Genghis Khan now growing older changed the Mongolââ¬â¢s nomadic life and decided to establish Karakorum as his headquarters because of its accessibility and spiritual history (Kwantes, 57). In its prime Karakorum served not only as the administrative centre of the Mongolian Empire, but also as a major trade and cultural link between East and West in Haw, (2006, 32). The Mongols soon imposed a single political authority, encouraged economic exchange and made travel conditions safer according to McCannon (2006, 144). They began to established cities around their territories and made crucial economic centers passable for merchants, missionaries and travelers of all profession (McCannon, 144). Genghis Khan desired for his people to learn which is why foreign visitors were encouraged and welcomed so the Mongols could gather knowledge from the foreigners about cultures uncommon to them. Morgan once said that the Mongols were unsophisticated and uncultured who did not know how to write (1986, 114). All this would change later on as Mongol conquest is contemporarily declared as the transfer of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to Western and Eastern societies in Saunders(2001, 82). At its height, Karakorum became a busy metropolis served by soldiers, merchants, and craftspeople, many of the latter imported from lands conquered by the Mongolian military in Morgan (1986, 114). The ancient city, with an area of 400 meters by 400 meters, was protected from attackers by a fortified wall, and near each of the wallââ¬â¢s four gates, four giant granite turtle sculptures were installed to protect the city from a potentially more dangerous threat: periodic floods from the Orhon River in Morgan (1986:115). Karakorum in the 13th century then became home to more than ten thousand people, including Khanââ¬â¢s family, noblemen, ministers, military leaders, craftsmen, traders, clergy, and foreign guests, in addition to nomads inhabiting the compounds in Morgan (1986, 114). The huge size of the city was ideal for the cityââ¬â¢s diverse religions where twelve idol temples of different nations, two mosques in which is cried the and one church of Christians could be found within its walls(Kwantes, 59). In addition, a diverse population also inhabited the walls with resident Chinese, Alans, Ruthenians, Georgians, Hermenians and other non-Mongol peoples inside as provided in Saunders (2001, 19). Karakorum became a host to a stream of foreign emissaries and traders like Marco Polo and perhaps Ibn Battuta among others. Delegations as far away as India, Arabia, Armenia and Rome, as well as merchants from China, Persia, and other countries along the Silk Route were welcome to the Great Khanââ¬â¢s established city. Town life must have prospered a lot during Genghis reign as archaeological evidence supports how their existence was centered on metallurgy powered by the currents of the Orkhon River. Other findings include arrowheads; iron cauldrons; wheel bushings; evidence of ceramic tiles and sculpture production (Brittanica, 2005). Glass beads production and yarn spindles were also evident along with also Chinese silk and coins that could support the trading activity in the area (Brittanica, 2005). Recent excavations of the city ruins have indicated that the royal palace was likely burned down at the time of the Min invasion, but it is not clear how completely the city was demolished (McCannon, 144). Although there is no mention of Karakorum in known historical records of the following 87 years, it is quite possible that the city was never fully abandoned according to McCannon (2006, 144). Indeed the city is the cradle of many Central Asian civilizations with its advanced agriculture and crafts that were highly developed while trade flourished. Despite European claims that the Tartars (as how Europe called the Mongols) were highly uncivilized and unsophisticated; records would show that Karakorum was once an intellectual community. They honor and respect diverse cultures and religion which has been carried through centuries of repression until 1990ââ¬â¢s when Mongolians were soon free to practice any religion of choice. Illiteracy has also been eliminated in this modern period as a legacy from its great leaders. Today the Mongols and their great leaders are remembered as valiant heroes who conquered vast lands against all odds to build a mighty empire or as ruthless conquerors that destroyed everything in their path. Genghis set a certain set of organization, discipline, equipment and mentality to fight for and with his men with a vast army organized into a decimal system, with a commander for every series of 10 units elected by the troops in Morgan (1986, 115). Military tactics were rehearsed well in preparation and each warrior was expected to know precisely what to do from the signals of the commanders, which took form in flaming arrows, drums, and banners (Morgan, 116). With extreme discipline they combined skill, discipline, and tactics without Western interference or teaching, learning such divisive techniques on their own. Sometime when the western knights fought with the Mongol horsemen during an invasion, the Europeans were utterly destroyed as the Mongols employed a wide array of tricks that contradicts claims of their uneducated and barbaric status. Nevertheless, the sheer extent of their conquests revealed how an ailing nation ravaged by poverty and conflict once united under a single cause could reach great heights of power and achievement. Division and greed for power disunited them into utter failure which serves as a lesson for the next generations. I therefore consider the Mongols as the significant players in history because their conquests surpass what any other country has done. Worksà Cited Kwantes, Anne. She Has Done a Beautiful Thing for Me: Portraits of Christian Women in Asia PhilAm books, 2005. Haw, Stephen. Marco Polo in China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilal Khan. Routledge, 2006. McCannon, John. Barronââ¬â¢s How to Prepare for the AP World. Barronsà Educational Series, 2006. Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History. United States: Oxford Press, 2005. Britannica. Karakorum. 2005. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044690/Karakorum Accessed: 08 May, 2007. Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishing, 1986. Saunders, John Joseph. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. How to cite Mongoliaââ¬â¢s Karakorum, Essay examples nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-61843086254687514972019-12-07T17:08:00.001-08:002019-12-07T17:08:04.094-08:00Concept Of Sensitivity Analysis Samples â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Concept Of Sensitivity Analysis. Answer: Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis can be thought of as a way to better the communication between the frame workers and the decision takers as it sets up a much more convincing, trustworthy, credible and comprehensible media of networks between the two. The sensitivity analysis also provides a medium to check the quantification and the details about a particular process so as to provide information of the relationship maintained between different input and output variables (Tian, 2013). This analysis is of great significance as its help in building a framework which can detect the loopholes in the project. Sensitivity analysis provides numerous ways for the management to detect and measure the flaws in the invested project. This analysis also proves to be boon to the management when a matter of a major variable deviation is concerned. In such cases, it helps the management in estimating the circumstances that would follow. This analysis is also useful in detecting the basics of a project which can be modified to get better results. The undertaking of a project always has some threats involved and no organization can guarantee of earning profits. But the company still tries its level; best to eliminate the threat as far as possible by keeping an eye on the procedures so as to earn some capital. It is largely seen that sensitivity analysis is always followed before owing to a new venture (Damodaran, 2012). This process helps to detect the flaws in the venture and thus eases the way to earn profits by altering the net profit amount of the undertaken project. It is the duty of the manager to highlight the threats involved in the venture taking into attention that the sensitivity analysis is thoroughly followed and the threats involved in the undertaken project are detected on time. Concept of sensitivity analysis in relation to capital budgeting Thus from the above explanation, it is proved that the sensitivity analysis is a keen way to get an estimate of the positivity that the project will achieve in the upcoming years. The present financial condition, interest rates, and inflation rates are some of the deciding factors that were followed while detecting or budgeting the cash inflows and outflows as per Graham Smart (2012) which thought that sensitivity analysis was a process to be followed while performing the above two operations. When it comes to capital budgeting then the sensitivity analysis can be used in association with NVP and IRR which yields better results. In a case let the IRR be recorded as 10% and the cost recorded as 5%. In such matters, the IRR is seen to be greater than the cost of the capital. These types of ventures are very much beneficial for the company as the rates of return from the projects are high which will also attract the investors (Pianosi et. al, 2015). If the above case is vice-versa then the company will be bound to suffer a loss and thus the company is advised not to undertake such a venture. Scenario analysis Sensitivity analysis can also be used in a way to measure interest rates so as to reinvest the return in any other beneficial project for gaining capital. This kind of analysis also provides a way to put an estimate of the values of the project on the basis of major situations. All the alteration in the values is based on the current situation known as the scenario that follows the principle of analysis. Scenario Analysis has proven to be a method that can be relied upon so as to detect the threat in the undertaken project which can be minor or massive fully depending on the situation that prevails during the project undertaking. The records presented after the analysis can be a boon to the investors in knowing the risks which prevail on their part. A whole lot of ways are open for grabbing a plot of scenario analysis. From many possible ways of seeking this analysis the way of collective analysis is explaining the standard of monthly or daily returns on security and then computing the expected value of every portfolio that create profits having their standard deviation lower or above than the average rate of return. By using this type of analysis the estimator can have a vision of the guarantee about the changes in the value of the portfolio during a fixed span of time. Scenario analysis provides a clear cut way to measure the successfulness of the investment so as to depict the circumstances that prevail due to the alteration in the value of certain variables and portfolios. If the respected person is an investor then he can make use of the scenario analysis in such a way so as to get an idea of the financial position of the company while claiming credit purchase which is different from storing funds in the form of cash purchases. Apart from the investors the company too can use the scenario analysis to find out the probability of the successful outputs arising from the decisions finalized over a matter (James, 2010). For example, selecting one out of the two storefronts and facilities from the organizational functions can be undertaken. All these processes may include discussions about alternation in fees, fees comprised with utilities and any kind of positivity or insurance that may be grabbed from one end but not from the other. Concept of scenario analysis in relation to capital budgeting The method of scenario analysis is a detecting process to check the success ratio of a particular project. It can be seen upon as a scanning method as per the circumstances that prevail during the moment. Berk and Van Binsbergen said that this analysis is the perfect way of finding all the probable outputs about the successfulness of the undertaken project. It is even remarked that this process is crucial in detecting the flaws and risks that prevail in the undertaken project. By using this process it is easy for the management to detect any of the serious situations that arise during the project undertaking (Brigham Daves, 2012). For example, the Woolworths Limited during the expansion of their business always follows to conduct the scenario analysis so as to detect any prevailing risk. It is always important to follow the scenario analysis so that the flaws in the particular project can be detected. The company can also be in a beneficial state if it keeps an eye on the rate of the NVP and also on the IRR which is recorded during work so as to gain much more capital than expected. It is also very much necessary for the company to keep a track of both NVP and IRR not just during the time of project undertaking but at different times like inflation and also during the depression (James, 2010). Overall discussion proves that the scenario analysis proves to be a boon which helps the organizat6ion to take faster and accurate decisions. Break Even Analysis Break even analysis is a potent tool as it helps in answering various questions that pertain to the companys profitability relating to the product or the service. It helps in answering several questions like the minimum sales that are needed so that the company does not face any loss or the sales do not decline. Before venturing into a new project, it is important that to conduct a break even analysis as it leads to answering questions that are critical in nature such as the sensitivity of the profit of the business in relation to the increase or decrease in the sales (Guerard, 2013). The break even analysis gives a strong knowledge of the variable and the fixed cost that is associated with the business. It supports the manager to research and segregate the cost of the company into the fixed and variable cost. The feasibility of the project can be done with the aid of capital budgeting and break even helps in making a critical decision so that the venture can be profitable (Vollmer, 2014). The break even analysis will help to know how the business will shape up in the upcoming scenario and if the venture should be selected. The manager must know the break even so that proper decision making can be done and is projected with the help of the formula: BEQ FC / (P-VC), Where BEQ = Break-even quantity FC = fixed costs P = Average price per unit, and VC = Variable costs per unit. When it comes to the aspect of break even in capital budgeting. It is vital to know at what point the revenue will exceed the cost. A hypothetical example has been set below Fixed Costs Variable Costs Labor $2,000 Flour $0.20 Rent $2,000 Yeast $0.05 Cost of insurance $800 Water $0.02 Advertisement $500 Butter $4.00 Technical Fees $400 Pepper $1.00 Total $5,700 Total $5.27 Going by the example above, the variable cost of the burger stands at $5.27 or more which means that the cost coverage can be done easily. However, if the charge of the burger peaks $10 for the finished goods than $4.73 will be received as an addition to the fixed cost and thereby the restaurant will have profit. Hence, the break even concept can be used to know the business performance. Simulation It can be defined as a process that dwells on statistics and observes the probability distribution, random numbers. Such is determined in advance so that the result that is risky in nature can be known or traced. In this scenario, the manager puts to practice the elements of the cash flow in a model based on mathematics and replicate the method various times (Wang et. al, 2016). Hence, it is an effective mechanism that results in enhancement of the probability distribution of returns that are highlighted. The method of development of random numbers and using the probability distribution for the inflow of cash and outflow enables the managers to know the value for each variable (Berk et.al, 2015). When the submission of the values happens then substitution of the values happens into the model and provides the NPV. When the same mechanism is repeated then the probability distribution of NVPB can be generated in an easy manner. Simulation can be defined as a strong spreadsheet tool that helps the managers to know the risk and the complexity that is involved in the discounted cash flow analysis. The main advantage of the simulation appears in the case that the mechanism covers the shortfalls that are seen in sensitivity and scenario analysis by assessing the effect of all variable combinations. The utilization is mainly seen in the case of traditional capital budgeting because it considers the form of sampling of repeated random from the distribution of probability that is based on the cash flow to come to the different profile that is linked to the cash flow in the NPV of a project for a specific plan (Brealey et. al, 2011) Simulation provides solidity to the real time decision making by using the model that is linked to equations or any identity so that a better view of the functioning can be gathered. This method is used by the managers as a mathematical equation that finds the variables that are primary in nature that contains a vivid elucidation of the freedom that finds the important primary variables and contains the description of the freedom that appears between the variables and various time scenarios. This method is well directed to the major variables and links to the data of the past. This is a vital aspect when it relates to the process of decision making (Northington, 2011). This helps the managers to understand the concept of risk return trade off rather depending on specific estimation. Therefore, simulation helps the managers to come up with a real life scene and the same can be utilized to know the project feasibility. If a project has a probability of 98% success and IRR stands more than the capital it will appear that the project is strong and contains minute chances of failure. On the other hand, when it is involved in projects that are high yielding they are subjected to high risk and nothing appears without a stake. Therefore, the probability of the NPV cannot reach 100% as a project that earns the capital cost is riskier in nature (Parrino et. al, 2012). Hence, simulation can be used by the managers to trace the prejudice of the project developer. References Berk, J., DeMarzo, P. Stangeland, D 2015, Corporate Finance, Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Brealey, R, Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Damodaran, A 2012, Investment Valuation, New York: John Wiley Sons. Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Guerard, J. 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, New York, NY: Springer. James P. D 2010, Topics in Capital Budgeting, viewed 7 September 2017 https://www.csun.edu/~jpd45767/303/8%20-%20Topics%20in%20Capital%20Budgeting.pdf Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R, Kidwell, D. Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, Pianosi, F., Sarrazin, F Wagener, T 2015, A matlab toolbox for global sensitivity analysis, Environmental Modelling Software,vol. 70, pp.80-85. Tian, W 2013, A review of sensitivity analysis methods in building energy analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. 20, pp.411-419. Vollmer, M 2014, A Beta-return Efficient Portfolio Optimisation Following the CAPM: An Analysis of International Markets and Sectors. Springer. Wang, C.P., Huang, H.H. Hu, J.S 2016, Reverse-Engineering and Real OptionsAdjusted CAPM in the Taiwan Stock Market, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, pp.1-18. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-66918905911981174652019-11-30T04:51:00.001-08:002019-11-30T04:51:02.973-08:00Sweatshops Development Table of Contents Brief history Arguments for sweatshops Anti-sweatshops arguments A case in San Francisco Fighting sweatshops Conclusion Works Cited Sweatshop is a term used to refer to any working environment whose conditions are unacceptable. The overriding characteristics of the industry are long working hours and poor payments regardless of the law provisions in those countries. In most cases, violation of child labor laws is prevalent and employees are subject to abuse by the employer without an easy way out.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sweatshops Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The definition used in the United States for a sweatshop is, ââ¬Å"an employer who violates two or more of the federal or state labor laws governing compensation, child labor, occupational safety and health, industrial homework workersââ¬â¢ compensation, or industry registration.â⬠In most case s, sweatshops are involved in human trafficking. In almost all cases, sweatshops in the United States are companies in the garment producing companies ranging from the mega companies to their contractors and subcontractors. Brief history The concept of sweatshops has its origin from the early 19th century in which case, an intermediary- normally referred to as the sweater- directed others in the process of producing clothing, under arduous conditions. The tailors would contract an intermediary who would in turn subcontract another intermediary ultimately; the subcontracted sweater would engage the worker at piecework for each garment. The intermediary would make profit by looking for desperate workers whose payments were minimal and end up paying least per unit of labor. The term sweater for the intermediary and sweating system for the process of subcontracting characterized earlier works by critics of this system. In the last half of the century, sweatshops had attracted many peopl e to the growing cities immigrants being from neighboring countries being most among the numbers. The exploitation of workers by the sweating system was unopposed by other parties for a short while. In the late 19th century, a party named National Anti-Sweating League founded in Australia and a few years later, another body with the same name started in the UK to fight against the abuse of workers by the sweating system. The success of these two lead to formation of other parties to defend the rights of the sweatshop workers. Ultimately, this made the existence of sweatshops rare especially in the original sense but did not eliminate them. History has proved that sweatshops are a difficult issue to deal with since it is first an economic issue. Arguments for sweatshops Thefight surrounding sweatshops has taken two sides with one group advocating for them while another fighting against them. Both groups have put forward arguments to support their views on the issue.Advertising L ooking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proponents based their first argument on the economic theory of comparative advantage in which case they argue that international trade will work for the good of both parties. This therefore means that as the developing countries lack the technology of production employed in the developed countries, they should employ what they have for production of those goods. About the working conditions, they are adamant that they are better than what they would have. According to the proponents, the sweatshops provide a better substitution to other activities like street prostitution, trash picking, and the like. According to them, it has made the lives of the workers at least better than if they did not employ them. Anti-sweatshops arguments Thefirst argument from the opposing side of sweatshops is that, most workers in the industry are unable to buy some o f the goods they make even though they are commonplace commodities. According to them, economic development would result from other activities as opposed to sweatshops. Another argument is the aspect of violation of the labor laws, connection with human trafficking and child labor, which leads them to lead slave-like lives with the vulnerability of abuse and sexual harassment from the employers. A case in San Francisco Companies can be deceiving when you listen to the ideas and slogans shouted from the management desk. Indeed, many companies known by the public to be socially responsible in contrast violate the labor laws including the minimum wage requirement. Esprit- a company known for its garments made from organically grown cottons and wools tinted with natural dyes- is such a company (Udesky, ESPRIT: Sweatshops Behind the Labels ). By 1994, the management had played consumer level politics and it worked perfectly in promoting the company as socially responsible. On the other s ide, the companies play politics at the production level in that even though they invest in community-based projects, in their quest to minimize the cost of labor, they result to sweatshops that violate the labor laws, their behavior going beyond irresponsibility meaning that at time the workers are not even paid. Fighting sweatshops The fight against sweatshops has not come without pains. In 2005, the San Francisco Chronicles reports that the number of garment workers in the bay area had dropped to 3500 from the 30000 that worked there in 1982 and the 12000 in 2002. According to the report, Esprit and other two largest garment manufacturers in San Francisco had their production carried out in other nations. The closure of the local factories implies the level of job insecurity of the garment workers and the struggles the subcontractors have to face. The reason for this shift to offshore production is the expiry of the global system of quotas, which had provided restrictions for clo thing coming in from member countries of the WTO.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sweatshops Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shift to offshore production should not be taken to mean non- existence of sweatshops in San Francisco. Reportedly, in February 2007, the department of labor forced Reubenââ¬â¢s Garment Cutting and Marking Company to pay $66,066 withheld from 57 employees. Allegedly, the contractor did not record the number of hours the employees worked, paid the on Saturdays, and denied them overtime (Santa Clara University n.d.). Conclusion Ultimately, it is of great importance to note that the fight against sweatshops has not been easy. The battle started back in the 1th century but in the 21st century, it remains to be a problem in the society. The fight has not been without pains for we consider the contradicting interest of the owners of the factories and that of the gov ernment to protect its people and the economy. The formulation of laws to address the problem has yielded uncomely response from the factory owners by them investing in other countries. Those who did not close their factories are still violating the labor law requirements and abusing their workers. In San Francisco, these factories still exist and even though they operate as underground factories; they still close and reopen at times. This existence calls for the government especially the department of labor to act towards the elimination of these factories. Works Cited Santa Clara University. ââ¬Å"US States News.â⬠n.d. Web. Udesky, Laurie. ââ¬Å"ESPRIT: Sweatshops behind the Labels.â⬠n.d. 30 Jan. 2012 http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=ESPRIT:_Sweatshops_Behind_the_Labels. This research paper on Sweatshops Development was written and submitted by user Ronald I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-10821418205700470912019-11-26T00:39:00.001-08:002019-11-26T00:39:04.297-08:00Constitutional Safeguards in India EssaysConstitutional Safeguards in India Essays Constitutional Safeguards in India Paper Constitutional Safeguards in India Paper Constitutional Safeguards In India, the National Constitution of 1950 or any other Constitutional document does not define the word Minority. The Constitution only refers to Minorities and speaks of those based on religion or language. In the Constitution of India, the Preamble (as amended in 1976) declares the State to be Secular, and this is of special relevance for the Religious Minorities. Equally relevant for them, especially, is the prefatory declaration of the Constitution in its Preamble that all citizens of India are to be secured liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship and equality of status and of opportunity. The Constitution of India has provided two types of safe-guards -general and specific to safeguard various interests of the minorities. In the first category are those provisions that are equally enjoyed by both groups. The provisions ensure justice- social, economic and political equality to all. The second category consists of provisions meant specifically for the protection of particular interests of minorities. peoples right to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws; * prohibition of discrimination against citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth; * authority of State to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (besides the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes); * citizens right to equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State and prohibition in this regard of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Authority of State to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State; * Peoples freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion subject to public order, morality and other Fundamental Rights; * Authority of State to make law for regulating or restricting any economic financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice, and for providing for social welfare and reform; * Authority of State to make laws for throwing open of Hindu, Sikh, Jain or Buddhist religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of the respective communities; * Sikh communitys right of wearing and carrying of kirpans ; * Right of every religious denomination or any section thereof subject to public order, morality and health to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable proposes, manage its own affairs of religion, and own and acquire movabl e immovable property and administer it in accordance with law; * Peoples freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion; * Peoples freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational institutions wholly maintained, recognized, or aided by the State; * Right of any section of the citizens to conserve its distinct language, script or culture * Restriction on denial of admission to any citizen, to any educational institution maintained or aided by the State, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them; * Right of all Religious and Linguistic Minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice; and * Freedom of Minority-managed educational institutions from discrimination in the matter of receiving aid from the State. Part IV of the Constitution of India, containing non-justifiable Directive Principles of State Policy, includes the following provisions having significant implicat ions for the Minorities: Obligation of the State to endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities amongst individuals and groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations; * Obligation of State to endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India; * Obligation of State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people (besides Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; and * Obligation of State to take steps for prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. Part IV-A of the Constitution, relating to Fundamental Duties, applies in full to all citizens, including those belonging to Minorities and of special relevance for the Minorities are the following provisions in this Part: * Citizens duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; and * Citizens duty to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. Some other provisions of the Constitution having special relevance and implications for the Minorities are: * Official obligation to pay out of the consolidated funds of the States of Kerala and Tamilnadu 46. 5 and 13. lakh rupees respectively to the local Dewasom Funds for the maintenance of Hindu temples and shrines in the territories of the erstwhile State of Travancore-Cochin; * Special provision relating to the language spoken by a section of the population of any State; * Provision for facilities for instruction in m other-tongue at primary stage; * Provision for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities and his duties; * Special provision with respect to Naga religious or social practices, customary law and procedure, and administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law. * Identical special provision for the Mizos; and * Provision relating to continuation in force of pre-Constitution laws until altered or repealed or amended by a competent legislature or other competent authority - Constitution of India/Part IV Article 36à {Definition} In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State has the same meaning as in Part III. - [edit]Article 37à {Application of the principles contained in this Part} The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforced by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. - [edit]Article 38à {State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people} 1. The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. 2. The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. - [edit]Article 39à {Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State} The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing a. hat the citizen, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; b. that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good; c. that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and mean s of production to the common detriment; d. that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women; e. that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; f. hat children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Article 39Aà {Equal justice and free legal aid} The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. - edit]Article 40à {Organisation of village panchayats} The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. - [edit]Article 41à {Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases} The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. - edit]Article 42à {Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief} The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. - [edit]Article 43à {Living wage, etc. , for workers} The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to all workers agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, cond itions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. Article 43Aà {Participation of workers in management of industries} The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organisation engaged in any industry. - [edit]Article 44à {Uniform civil code for the citizen} The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. - [edit]Article 45à {Provision for free and compulsory education for children} The State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. - edit]Article 46à {Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections} The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in p articular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. - [edit]Article 47à {Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health} The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. - edit]Article 48à {Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry} The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. Article 48Aà {Protection and improv ement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life} The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. - [edit]Article 49à {Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance} It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. [edit]Article 50à {Separation of judiciary from executive} The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. - [edit]Article 51à {Promotion of international peace and security} The State shall endeavour to a. promote international peace and security; b. maintain just and honourable relations between nations; c. foster respect for international law and treaty ob ligations in the dealings of organised people with one another; and d. encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-32804472259394420092019-11-22T08:02:00.001-08:002019-11-22T08:02:06.458-08:00Cat Food Industry In The UKCat Food Industry In The UK By using environmental analysis, it is possible for organizations to recognize existing opportunities and threats for companies, define strategies to best utilizing opportunities and also to minimize the bad consequences of threats (Arabi & Parsaeian, 2001). And the most important, the analysis can provide a rational future prediction as a base for future strategy adjustment. The company can forecast the consumer tends in next decade and rearrange its products in order to capture the volatile market share in a long-term perspective. The remote environment has the origin of factors that influencing operating environment. In industry-level analysis, it is necessary to analyze a macro environment of a company and access its performance of competitors responding to external elements. The object of this paper is to analyze remote environment and operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom. Part Two will be industry definitions. The industry background will be introduced in Part three at three levels, global market, Western Europe market and UK market. Part Four will be remote environment analysis by using PEST model, followed by operating environment analysis in Part Five by using Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces Model. 2. Industry and Product definition200 211 Wikipedia defines Pet food as plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_food) Mintel defines pet food as any foods that are specifically formulated and marketed for pets, including treats (Mintel, 2009). In legislation, ââ¬Å"pet foodâ⬠means a feeding stuff for pet animals. To achieve the appropriate balance of nutrients pet food, manufacturers blend mixtures of ingredients including meat and fish, with vegetables, cereals, vitamins and minerals to produce foods that will satisfy the nutritional requirements of a pet(PFMA). It is typically sold in pet stores or supermarkets. And pet food is divided into three categories (Figure 2): dog foo d, cat food and other pet food (i.e. fish food, bird food). Pet Food sells in the form that either prepared or non-prepared. Figure 2 Pet Food Segment In this paper, cat food intends to be defined as food product specifically formulated for feeding of cats. For the purposes of this paper, some further definitions used by Mintel reports are as follows: Wet cat food ââ¬ËC including wet canned cat food with a moisture content of 60-85% and semi-moist food with a moisture content of 25-30% and includes complete foods. Dry cat food ââ¬ËC has a moisture content of around 10% and includes complete foods Treats and Mixersââ¬â¢C food supplement for cat. 3. Cat food industry Background 200 475 3.1 Global Cat Food Market Figure 3 (Source: Euromonitor International) According to data from Euromonitor, in 2009, the Global retail value sales of cat food reach US19.6 billion dollars, at a growth rate of 4%. Although Dog food continues to occupy nearly half of pet food and pet care market, cat food market ââ¬Ëposted a comparable CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5 % during the period 2004-2008ââ¬â¢. This indicates that the economic downturn had slight impact on this industry. However, the rising rates of house repossessions contribute to the decline in the pet populations, especially in western economies. The recession caused the lack of consumer confidence which lead to backward sales of the whole cat food market at 2008, but the global market is still growing in 2009 as the ongoing trend of pet humanization that ââ¬Ëconsumers want value-added products that extend both the quality and length of the petââ¬â¢s lifeââ¬â¢. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-89967500350596845592019-11-20T21:42:00.001-08:002019-11-20T21:42:06.257-08:00Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3Communication - Essay Example Interpersonal communication entails the process of using feelings, ideas, and thoughts to initiate and develop relationships with other members of the society. Initiating and developing relationships follow three systematic stages. The first stage involves understanding another personââ¬â¢s situation. This enables us to understand the context and perspective from which the other person is speaking. The next step involves responding to the message in an appropriate manner. This entails employing the right tone and emotional expression based on the understanding of the person communicating (Wood 72). After communicating the response in the right manner, the respondent should be able to achieve the objective of communicating. This entails the establishment of a common understanding between the subject parties. Good interpersonal communication skills help in conflict resolution contexts. Interpersonal conflicts arise when people reaches a disagreement over their convictions, beliefs, ideas and desires. Interpersonal conflict can present serious consequences to the parties involved. Therefore, the best solution on resolving a conflict is by employing effective interpersonal communication skills. In reality, conflict leads to emotional stress, hurting feelings and situational disappointments. When any conflict is handled in an unhealthy way, it might result in irreparable damages in social relationships. Therefore, the best method of resolving any conflict is applying some ethical principles while striving to reach a compromise. One of the essential ethical elements during conflict resolution is empathy. Empathy entails putting oneself into another personââ¬â¢s shoes. Thought empathy allows one to understand what another person is saying. Feeling empathy allows someone to acknowledge how another person feels. Therefore, empathy facilitates healthy communication when resolving a conflict. The other ethical element is exploration. Exploration allows one to enquir e thoroughly on the other personââ¬â¢s thoughts and feelings. Stroking is also essential during conflict cases. Stroking involves complimenting the person by making respectful and positive opinions about him/her. To resolve a conflict successfully, I align myself to these three ethical aspects, which are empathy, exploration, and stroking. The definition of gender roles and other aspects associated with gender and society depends on an individualââ¬â¢s social background. The beliefs and convictions held by an individual concerning the social roles expected from different genders influences social relationships to a substantial extent. On my part, I expect females to be submissive, and accommodative to different ideas and situations. The other factor that may affect my communication is ethnicity. Ethnicity brings about prejudice and discrimination within the society. Discrimination entails behaviors directed towards people from a different ethnic background while prejudice invo lves holding irrational and inflexible attitudes towards members of another ethnic group. Prejudice influences communication whereby negative prejudice results in discrimination. Therefore, ethnicity might affect my judgments and decisions during communication in a positive or a negative way. The other factor than influences communication is culture. Culture is comprised of behaviors, beliefs and other social characteristics that define a particular social group. Though people would like to define themselves individually, the society conforms an individual to some set standards of beliefs, values and behavioral norms. These inbred cultural principles in an individual influence his/her relationship with people within a culturally diverse environment. As a nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-85848038227329191032019-11-19T01:45:00.001-08:002019-11-19T01:45:03.531-08:00Traditional Preoperative Fasting And ASA Preoperative Fasting Research ProposalTraditional Preoperative Fasting And ASA Preoperative Fasting - Research Proposal Example In addition, the study also aims to identify if there is a significant difference between shorter-duration fasting and longer-duration fasting in prevention of the risk for aspiration. The study would intend to benefit the patients as discomforts experienced during fasting such as thirst, hunger, pain, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety (Brady, Kinn & Stuart, 2003, n.p.) will be addressed in the study. Theoretical Framework No appropriate theoretical frameworks were identified. Instead, illustrate the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system during fasting prior to a preoperative procedure. Discuss complications such as aspiration and how does and when will it possibly occur in most instances (Soreide, Eriksson, Hirlekar, Eriksson, Henneberg, Sandin, & Raeder, 2005, 1041). Literature Review ââ¬â how extensive, steps, evidence of nursing practice Extensive review of literatures is necessary in order to support the hypothesis and justify the findings of the study. Steps nec essary are identification of the key concepts/phrases to search such as ââ¬Å"fasting in the preoperative periodâ⬠and ââ¬Å"ASA guidelines in preoperative period.â⬠After the right key search, proper search strategy of related literatures will be made in electronic databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists from relevant articles in the preoperative fasting. Literatures must include findings during medical practice in the 90ââ¬â¢s and year 2000 and up to determine advances made in the practice of perioperative fasting and to analyze the outcome of both traditional and ASA preoperative fasting guidelines. Google scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Wiley Online Library contain electronic sources with an array of related journals, studies, and literatures that can... No appropriate theoretical frameworks were identified. Instead, illustrate the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system during fasting prior to a preoperative procedure. Discuss complications such as aspiration and how do and when will it possibly occur in most instances (Hirlekar, Eriksson, Henneberg, Sandin, & Raeder, 2005, 1041).Literature Review ââ¬â how extensive, steps, evidence of nursing practiceAn extensive review of literature is necessary in order to support the hypothesis and justify the findings of the study. Steps necessary are the identification of the key concepts/phrases to search such as "fasting in the preoperative period" and "ASA guidelines in the preoperative period." After the right key search, proper search strategy of related literature will be made in electronic databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists from relevant articles in the preoperative fasting. Literature must include findings during medical practice in the 90ââ¬â¢s and year 2000 and up to determine advances made in the practice of perioperative fasting and to analyze the outcome of both traditional and ASA preoperative fasting guidelines. Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Wiley Online Library contain electronic sources with an array of related journals, studies, and literature that can support the study also with evidence-based nursing practice. Sample Characteristics/ Sampling MethodA randomized controlled trial or sampling method will be used in the pursuit of the study. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-34497716495221106912019-11-16T14:16:00.001-08:002019-11-16T14:16:05.051-08:00Elements of gambling Essay Example for Free Elements of gambling Essay There are two elements of Gambling, including game of chance and gambling mentality. Chance means people cannot control the outcome of an event but with possibility of winning. Player wagers money on irreversible bet in which the outcome relies on chance. Gambling mentality means the willing to take risk. To gamble on something is to take a risk on something in which the stake is involved. Pathological Approach to problem gambling Problem gambling is defined as pathological gambling under APA DSMVI. Pathological gambling is an impulsive control disorder in which there is a chronic and progressive failure to resist impulses to gamble. The concept of addiction of gambling is similar to alcohol and drug addiction in APA model. Gambling is a kind of process addiction. Gamblers enjoy the excitement, tension and anticipation over than the outcome of a gambling event. Gamblers described having the feeling of ââ¬Å"highâ⬠similar to that experienced form cocaine in ââ¬Å"outer-bodyâ⬠. There is a dominance in which people have intense preoccupation with gambling to the exclusion of other interests. There is also a problem of tolerance. It means gamblers will eventually spend more money than they intended on gambling, they will lose track of time and control over money betted. In other words, they will gamble from simple to complex high risk and high return betting. We can also see the gamblers have withdrawal symptoms, like irritable, nervous angry and restless. Action gambler Mahjong Tends to be arrogant Desire to control Self-centered, insecure, disregard for authority Easily frustrated, impatient and demanding Highly competitive but given up on the conventional way of competition Attracted to competitive games and those required skills Likely men who started their gambling activities at an earlier state. Gambling gives them a sense of self-enhancement and self-expression Escape gambler Lack of confidence / no self-esteem due to insufficient knowledge and skills Games with no skills involved, e. g. slot machine because no one will judge them Likely to be women who began gambling much later in life than action gamblers Gambling is an emotional reaction to whatever personal or relationship issues they are trying to escape from. Later pathological explanations on problem gambling All pathological gamblers were involved in social gambling for a period of time before they lost control over gambling A significant stressor or greater exposure to gambling often precipitated the sudden onset of pathological gambling. Modern Pathological explanations on problem gambling Modern pathology theories do not argue for determinism but instead rely on the concept of probability- in the sense of ââ¬Å"the relative frequency of occurrenceâ⬠, ââ¬Å"relative chances of happeningâ⬠- explain pathological gambling. E. g. Medical Model Medical Model-BlumeAn explanation for deviant behavior that locates its source within the individual and assumes that the behavior is the result of physiological, constitutional, or organic characteristics of the person interacting with the environment. Different psychological and physiological causes of gambling:1. Genetic abnormality that provide a predisposition for disease 1 / 2 2. Mental illness- resulting from obsession or a compulsion3. Abnormal level of dopamine=/=occurrence of sickness It depends on its interaction with other risk factors e. g gender, family influence, ageSolution: Counseling and financial management Weakness: Classical -gt; Ambiguous judgement. nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65060462361961965.post-72227223301264641352019-11-14T02:47:00.001-08:002019-11-14T02:47:04.231-08:00Rawls View Of Ignorance :: essays research papers Rawls' View of Ignorance Rawls theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be a) to everyone's advantage and b) open to all. A key problem to Rawls is to show how such principles would be universally adopted and here the work borders on general ethical issues. He introduces a theoretical "veil of ignorance" in which all the "players" in the social game would be placed in a situation which is called the "original position". Having only a general knowledge of the facts of "life and society", each player is to abide based on their moral obligation. By denying the players any specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a generalized point of view that bears a strong resemblance to the moral point of view. "Moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudential standpoint of positing, a moral outlook merely by pursuing one's own prudential reasoning under certain procedural bargaining and knowledge constraints." Rawls proposes that the most reasonable principles of justice for a society are those that individuals would themselves agree to behind the "veil of ignorance", in circumstances in which each is represented as a moral person, endowed with the basic moral powers. What this position supports is that while each person has different ends and goals, different backgrounds and talents, each ought to have a fair chance to develop his or her talents and to pursue those goals - fair equality for opportunity. It is not a race or contest where the talented or gifted prevail, it should be complete cooperation among all so that there may be reasonable life for all. What the "veil of ignorance" brings out is that we can accept utilitarianism as a public conception of justice only if we are prepared to let someone be subject to conditions we would not be prepared to subject ourselves. However, it is not the responsibility of my actions to ensure the fulfillment of another persons goals. These principles create an equal distribution of the "pie", if you will, yet it is not attainable unless pursued or strived for. There is no room for idle observation, meaning, that while we all possess equal opportunity as we all are equally moral persons, the choice of what you wish to possess materially as well as intellectually is the discretion and capability of Rawls View Of Ignorance :: essays research papers Rawls' View of Ignorance Rawls theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be a) to everyone's advantage and b) open to all. A key problem to Rawls is to show how such principles would be universally adopted and here the work borders on general ethical issues. He introduces a theoretical "veil of ignorance" in which all the "players" in the social game would be placed in a situation which is called the "original position". Having only a general knowledge of the facts of "life and society", each player is to abide based on their moral obligation. By denying the players any specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a generalized point of view that bears a strong resemblance to the moral point of view. "Moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudential standpoint of positing, a moral outlook merely by pursuing one's own prudential reasoning under certain procedural bargaining and knowledge constraints." Rawls proposes that the most reasonable principles of justice for a society are those that individuals would themselves agree to behind the "veil of ignorance", in circumstances in which each is represented as a moral person, endowed with the basic moral powers. What this position supports is that while each person has different ends and goals, different backgrounds and talents, each ought to have a fair chance to develop his or her talents and to pursue those goals - fair equality for opportunity. It is not a race or contest where the talented or gifted prevail, it should be complete cooperation among all so that there may be reasonable life for all. What the "veil of ignorance" brings out is that we can accept utilitarianism as a public conception of justice only if we are prepared to let someone be subject to conditions we would not be prepared to subject ourselves. However, it is not the responsibility of my actions to ensure the fulfillment of another persons goals. These principles create an equal distribution of the "pie", if you will, yet it is not attainable unless pursued or strived for. There is no room for idle observation, meaning, that while we all possess equal opportunity as we all are equally moral persons, the choice of what you wish to possess materially as well as intellectually is the discretion and capability of nonbuschlanming1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/00442089780236601807noreply@blogger.com0