Knowledge management and innovation

Information the executives and advancement As of late, there are countless scholastic articles, which have been centered around the subject of information the executives and advancement. Both scholastic analysts and callings appear to concur that information is the most important resource of a firm (Garcã ­a-Muiã ±a et al., 2009). In addition, Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin (2002) proposed that the organizations information is the fundamental upper hand for an enterprise. In this manner, overseeing information in associations could be considered as a key factor for the accomplishment in todays business world. There are four significant components in the information procedure which incorporates making information, coordinating information, sharing information and arranging information (Newell et al. 2009). An investigation by Teece et al. (1997 refered to Leiponen 2006) suggested that the making of information can have the significant consequences for execution of a partnership. While different analysts referenced that making infor mation isn't incredible enough and exhaustive information sharing and coordination of an association are shown its prosperity (Okhuysen and Eisenhardt, 2002). The objective of this paper is to survey the current writing on information the board and apply these speculations in blend with certain instances of different associations to dissect principle key information reason for an association by looking at one explicit contextual analysis of a biopharmaceutical organization Panther Biotech The advancement of a radical new helpful for an intense fiery sickness. One might say that the contextual investigation gives a genuine case of overseeing information and advancement in an information concentrated firm. Besides, this paper will likewise give an inside and out examination of how Panther Biotech puts forth an attempt to present great practices in information sharing and information joining so as to improve its new medication advancement process. Definition Information As per Davenport and Prusak (1998) the meaning of information is portrayed as Knowledge is a liquid blend of surrounded understanding, values, relevant data, master understanding and grounded instinct that gives a situation and system to assessing and consolidating new encounters and data starts. There are various meanings of information yet this definition could be one of the most referenced definitions in the writing of this field. In addition, various types of information, for example, inferred, unequivocal and verifiable at the individual, social and authoritative levels should be considered so as to uncover its possible commitment to the exhibition of the firm (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Information the board In today business, one might say that a large portion of firms demonstrate their push to apply information the board so as to improve business exhibitions or to advance development process. As indicated by McIrnerney (2002), information the board is characterized as a push to increment helpful information inside the firm by advancing correspondence, offering chances to learn, and advancing the sharing and move of suitable information. Information the executives can be characterized as the arrangement of exercises that empower the creation, stockpiling, circulation, and utilization of information in associations (Chow et al. 2005). Various meanings of information and its administration shows the decent variety of the information the board forms going from information creation, sharing, coordination, codification, move, search, stockpiling, use, etc. Information Intensive firms A Knowledge escalated firm has been characterized by Alvensson (2004) as an association which sell information based items or the utilization of information to the market. It very well may be said that the center exercises of this firm dependent on the information on countless representatives. Advancement Verloop (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) depicts advancement as another thought or idea made by RD exercises and fruitful development requires changes in hierarchical procedures and change of a thought into an industrially useable item. Other researcher characterizes advancement as a procedure: the turn of events and execution of new thoughts by individuals who after some time take part in exchanges with others in an institutional setting (Van de Ven, 1986). Writing survey of Knowledge the executives and Innovation The rising of the idea of information based social orders, our social orders have been moving bit by bit to become information social orders (Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin 2002). Developing nations like China and India are moving their assembling based economies to information based economies, and these two nations could be the primary string to the US and Western economies. For instance, China and India are the two greatest markets for IT re-appropriating. A mechanical based economy changes to the data age or information based time and results of information and information works are turning out to be principle hotspots for firms and countries to make benefits and upper hands (Newell et al. 2009). The significant favorable position of China when contrast and different countries could be a copious flexibly of modest information laborers. Therefore, it could be proposed that overseeing information and the administration of information laborers assume a significant job in the accomplishment of the organizations and the countries also. During the most recent two decades, there has been a developing in the quantity of analysts which lead their examination in the field of information and its administration. Research on this field has been additionally gotten a fruitful history (Argote et al., 2003). These researchers additionally recommended that exploration on information the board traverses various zones, for example, financial aspects, data frameworks and hierarchical conduct and hypothesis (Argote et al., 2003). The assorted variety of information the board inquire about shows the extraordinary effect of this field in numerous controls in this way biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry probably won't be stood apart of this pattern. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) proposed that biotechnology assumes a significant job in worldwide industry and bit by bit ascends with the consolation of development to improve human heath and personal satisfaction. Biotech firms might be remarkable among certai n reasons. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) additionally said that the advancement of a biotechnology organization emphatically relies upon its science exercises. It very well may be recommended that biotechnology organizations are information concentrated firms. These days, finding the response for an inquiry where and how information is made and ensured that is the test task for this industry and overseeing information is additionally not as an essential assignment as in the past (Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Pharmaceutical firms are all the more regularly driving accomplice associations with biotech firms and research focuses (Walsh et al., 2002 refered to Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Unions between biotech organizations, scholastic foundations and pharmaceutical organizations might be the standard in this industry. It tends to be recommended that these unions could enable these organizations to show signs of improvement access to reserve and information from the ir key accomplices and firms will react to the new turn of events and innovation in quicker and progressively adaptable manners. As per Khiji et al., (2006), the normal time for the entire biotech process from first speculation for logical disclosure to sell item in the market can take as long as 15 years. Biotech organizations regularly attempt to draw in capital and associations in the beginning periods of theirs advancement procedure and with various endeavors to locate the correct organization accomplices for the subsequent stages which can incorporate assembling, item plan and advertising (Khiji et al., 2006). Shockingly, the vast majority of them neglect to manage these undertakings; Gassman et al. (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) indicated a report of these choices with a 90% disappointment rate among biotech organizations. This can be recommended that biotechnology is a drawn out speculation with high hazard and firms should exceptionally consider the job of time-delicat e choice. Also, in spite of numerous individuals accept that biotech industry has indicated colossal potential for development, very few firms can partake in the achievement. Contextual analysis 4.1 Background Puma is a biopharmaceutical organization this implies it creates clinical items utilizing biotechnology. Creating restorative advancements to improve patients heath so as to increase exceptional advantages for investors is the fundamental undertaking of Panther. It is an openly recorded organization with net money and fluid asset of $400 million, and it additionally makes almost 300 employments on the West bank of the US. Its representatives are specialists in the beginning time of the new medication advancement process. All RD exercises of Panther, with the exception of later phase of medication improvement are supported without anyone else. The reason for this money related methodology is to guarantee the activity of firm runs easily until it shows the fruitful of advancement medicate in clinical preliminaries. The subsidizing for any later phase of medication advancement forms is deliberately settled dependent upon the situation. As of not long ago Panther has taken just four adva ncement forms into clinical preliminaries without anyone else. 4.2 Discussion

Hamlet: Fate :: essays research papers

Hamlet: Fate      In our present reality mystics attempt to anticipate what will occur in our fates. What may occur later on is constrained by a force far higher than what can be seen by somebody at the opposite finish of a "1-900†¦" phone number. The play Hamlet, by Shakespeare, presents a perspective on the world in which man's astuteness is feeble to comprehend and foresee the impulses of Fate. Man is represented by a heartless and maybe disturbed force.      The characters of the play are not the slightest bit ready to grasp what may lie later on. Hamlet realizes that there is some kind of problem with the marriage between his mom (the sovereign) and Claudius (King Hamlet's sibling). The marriage happens only months after the killing of King Hamlet. "Something is spoiled in the territory of Denmark." The characters of the play realize that there are powers at work in the realm.      A power that could be viewed as heavenly is in charge of the activities of the play. Hamlet is visited on a few events by an apparition that offers intriguing data. Hamlet knows not whether to trust the soul or dismissal what he has been told. "†¦ the demon hath power T'assume a satisfying shape" Hamlet believed that the soul might be attempting to deceive him in the mission to discover his dad's executioner. Characters of the play become uncertain of their aims because of the odd spots of fortune that they are managed.      Characters in the play that were so certain about their choices became dubious. This vulnerability emerges when the plans of characters are some way or another adjusted. The modifications change the destiny of numerous characters. Polonius was slaughtered in the wake of Hamlet's arrangement to discover his dad's executioner. Hamlet had no expectation to execute anybody that didn't merit it. It was by chance that Polonius was in the office of the sovereign when Hamlet showed up. Polonius took cover behind the blind and was slaughtered with a push of a blade. "Time is out of joint.

8,726,400 SOS Its Coming Home (by it, I mean me)

8,726,400 SOS It’s Coming Home (by it, I mean me) Theory: *written by Rukia H. 21 as a part of the 8,726,400 Seconds of Summer guest post series* Theory: If we were to use the World Cup as an analogy for my life right now, I just lost a group stage match, but I still managed to progress beyond the group stage and into the knockout round. Background (why the World Cup): I have been obsessed with the World Cup for the past month, which is strange considering none of the teams I support qualified for it (the US and the Dutch). But anyone who knows me well enough knows that if you sit me in front of a TV and give me a game to watch, I’ll end up passionately supporting someone within ten minutes. I get heavily invested during soccer matches; it’s a fact. I can barely stay still in my seat as I urge players to run faster, jump higher, and save the impossible. I give them nicknames and scream loudly at the television screen as if they can hear me. I yell when they fail to do the incredible (ironic considering my athletic ability is that of a peanut). And I cry with them when it’s over. Observations (of the World Cup): One of the best parts for me when it comes to watching a game is listening to the pundits comment on the players and the game because you can learn a lot in the process (side note: this one time, I thought one of the Belgium players was so slow and a terrible player overall, but the commentators then were like “look at that amazing play by *player x*” and I was like rip, so much for my soccer knowledge) One comment I’ve been hearing a lot about is how players grow into the World Cup and what they mean by that is that as teams progress, they start playing better. They may be a bit shaky at first (this applies to all players, no matter how great you are!) but then you learn as you go and become better. A great example of this would be France. I remember waking up at 3 AM to watch them churn out an unconvincing win in the group stage and how disappointing it was to see that, but now look at them! They’re world champions and rightfully so! They regrouped and managed to defeat impressive teams from the difficult end of the bracket to reach the final and then won it all. Evidence (from real life): Early on, during second semester, I booked my plane ticket home. Being from California, I didn’t get many chances to go back home and see my family during the year; in fact, I only went home once and that was during winter break. So I booked the ticket and that was the end of it. Or at least it would have been, had I been at any other school. As spring semester began to dwindle down, everyone seemed to have summer plans like exciting internships, going abroad, or new/continuing UROPs. I was starting to feel the pressure as the inevitable question arose repeatedly about my own plans for the summer. And so I frantically applied to anything within fifty miles of my house… and got rejected from all of them. When I got on that plane, I’ll admit it sucked. I felt like I was falling behind again, producing some lackluster performance that was definitely not worth an admittance to MIT. Because clearly someone who goes to MIT would get the internship (Elle Woods: like it’s hard?) and excel and change the world all in three months. Because that’s what they do. Because that’s what I want them to do. But I’m home and after a month and a half, I know it will be fine. The first few days were tough because I missed the fast-paced MIT lifestyle. I spent those days agonizing over the fact that I had nothing to do and how it was such a waste of time. Now one day seems to blend into the next and it doesn’t worry me anymore. I like waking up late and staying up, doing whatever I want everyday. I like having this relaxed, lazy, maybe even boring summer because in the back of my mind, it’s feeding my ambition to do more. Doing nothing makes it painfully obvious what exactly you want to do and I know precisely what I want to do for this upcoming year and the summer following it. So maybe on paper, this summer was a bust for me, but in the long run, I think it will be a major stepping stone to something incredible. Conclusion: Group Stages (Results) Surviving freshman year at MIT = +3 Going home = +3 Getting rejected by internships/not really having summer plans = +0 Notes: I still made it through despite not getting the result I wanted! Knockout Rounds (TBD) Sophomore Year Junior Year Senior Year Notes: I still have all these matches to play! Using what I know now, I can make the appropriate changes to produce the results I want. I’m definitely still growing as a MIT student and that’s okay! And who knows, maybe with time, I’ll be up on that podium, drenched in rain, but holding the greatest prize of them all. ¹ Also, what’s pretty cool about life is that unlike the World Cup, you can’t really get knocked out. You may not always get what you want at a certain time, but you always get the chance to try again and bring the trophy (aka your happiness) home :) ¹ diploma? pirate’s license? the key to the city? the world may never know Post Tagged #8726400 Seconds of Summer #Home #World Cup

Jane Eyre And Oedipus Mason Essay - 915 Words

Evil lurks around every corner, even within oneself and other persons, waiting for an opportunity to sneak up and ruin plans, inject pain and triumph over happiness. Often this malevolence hides in a familiar face as a hidden demon. This hidden demon is also often on display in literature having dramatic consequences in everyday life. In Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre Bertha Mason serves as the hidden devil character for Jane, causing the destruction of everything she desires; likewise, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex contains a devil figure, ironically Oedipus himself, who causes the loss or poisoning of all he holds dear. In Jane Eyre and Oedipus Rex, the hidden demon serves as a vehicle for the downfall of the protagonist. Bertha Mason, simply†¦show more content†¦The final prophecy brings about the revelation that Oedipus is â€Å"a wretch, in birth, in wedlock cursed, / A parricide, incestuously, triply cursed!† (Sophocles, 66). He has indeed married his mother and killed his father; thus the course of his life is set by the gods regardless of his desires. These two themes: of mighty gods and powerless mortals, fits with what Sophocles may have been trying to convince his audiences of, in his time the belief in the gods was under attack. This self-fulfilling prophecy makes Oedipus his own self’s demon and seals the genre of tragedy, it is all the more saddening and inspires more pity for Oedipus that there was no way for him to escape fate. Rather than being a blind fool, this theme makes him a tragic hero. Oedipus must go through the agony of discovering who he is and facing his own demon. Jane, unlike Oedipus, is not fated to pain; she chooses the agony of being separated from Mr. Rochester over a life she knows is wrong. It is the main example of Jane Eyre’s prominent theme: independence. This self-inflicted pain marls the differences in the themes revealed by these stories’ hidden devil characters. While Oedipus is fated to suffer and destroy himself, Jane chooses to face the pain that her devil character instigates and overcome it. It takes the journey to Moor house, Jane’s employment as a solitary teacher, and the loveless proposal of St. John, all started by Bertha being married to Rochester, to show Jane how to stand on her

A New Term Has Emerged In Education Recently That Has...

A new term has emerged in education recently that has teachers unease with how they feel about it. The ever so emerging â€Å"flipped classroom† technique is starting to become integrated in several classrooms today. The reason so many teachers are suspicious of the technique, is because it is foreign and rather new. Traditional styled teachers are struggling to accept the new style due to the deranged forms of learning. Whereas the newer teachers are excited to track progress and learn new techniques. I personally feel that educators need to respect the fundamentals of education, and embrace the ever so changing society. Central Methodist University should flip their writing courses because it enhances student learning and collaboration,†¦show more content†¦Technology has been advancing rapidly during this generation, in turn, causing members of this generation to be highly dependent on technology. The flipped classroom utilizes technology to enhance learning insid e and outside of the classroom. Allowing students to learn on a device which suits their comfortability level, makes learning a subject less scary or intense. â€Å"By obtaining videos from other sources the students indicate they are more engaged and found the information refreshing,† (Schmidt) . Many teachers see the technology aspect of flipped classrooms as the deciding factor. Some teachers feel that some children will not have access the videos then resulting in students lacking the lesson. However, on the flip side teachers have combated this problem by providing students with technology when they are in the classroom. Utilizing technology in the classroom has enhanced learning capabilities, and has maximized the potential for several students. Using technology also allows students that are absent to have access to the videos online. Living in Missouri we experience a lot of miserable weather, with a flipped classroom students can continue to make progress at home with the videos online. An advanced placement chemistry class was able to almost complete a whole unit on their own when out of school for a week due to snow (Hardy) . Having to review the videos and lectures that they post online, teachers are now double checking their work. In order for theShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Epperson V. Arkansas953 Words   |  4 Pagescase of Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) was argued before the Supreme Court. The case originated in 1965, when Susan Epperson was hired to teach 10th grade biology at Little Rock Central High School. The local school board had recently adopted, as a part of an approved curriculum, a new biology textbook that included a section on evolution. Immediately, Epperson recognised her dilemma; that to teach the required curriculum would put her at risk for dismissal under the â€Å"anti-evolution† statute. A suit wasRead MoreAcademic Dishonesty: Applying Technology in Plagiarism1564 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Academic dishonesty, specifically cheating and plagiarism, recently has increased in popularity. Students often justify unethical academic behavior. Technological innovations, like the cellular telephone, have provided students with new methods of cheating. Plagiarism has also been influenced through technologies, specifically internet companies have emerged that provide unethical solutions to academic assignments. â€Æ' Academic Dishonesty: Applying Technology to Cheat Defined asRead MoreWithout A Doubt, Gender Is One Of The Most Important Factors1419 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic security, all which are fundamentals of living with dignity. Compared with men, women are more likely to have had a lifetime of disadvantages. Too often, they have more chances of being widowed and losing access to property. Similarly, poor education, poor nutrition, and poor access to services and the labor market leaves them in poor health and with few resources for sustenance. These points of view explain why men and women age differently physically, physiologically, emotionally, and sociallyRead MorePros and Cons of Implementing a Four-Day School Week1238 Words   |  5 Pages One of the primary motivations for adopting the four-day week is financial savings for the school district. Anticipated savings are in transportation, food and food service workers, hourly workers and utilities. Savings on school buses and long-term building wear and tear have also been repor ted. After analyzing Colorado schools operating on four-day school weeks, (Dam) reports that transportation costs can be reduced by 20%. He goes on to say that in order to realize that level of savings, schoolsRead MoreDifferences Between Special Education And Inclusive Education3310 Words   |  14 Pagesbetween special education and inclusive education Introduction There exists a fundamental dilemma within education policy and theory. The dilemma, as revealed by Warnock et al. (2010) is about how the equal right of every child to education can be legislated, whilst recognising, appreciating and addressing the individual differences amongst them. This essay aims to explore the various facets of this dilemma by critically discussing the differences between ‘special education’ and ‘inclusiveRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1504 Words   |  7 Pagesand poorly valued education is the normality. Hosseini’s main purpose is to show the importance of differing perspectives, as well as how to discern between the right and wrong ones. A key theme that almost instantly emerged from the text as I began to read was gender equality – or the lack thereof. I am passionate about equality between the genders and the further I read the more unequal the characters were portrayed. As Mariam is a girl and a ‘harami’ or illegitimate child, she has endured stigmaRead MoreNoneconomic Measures of Development954 Words   |  4 Pages -Conversely, the relationship between social-economic and demographic variables is usually inverse. I. Education - A literate educated labor force is essential for the effective transfer of advanced technology from the developed to developing countries. - The problem in part stems from a national poverty that denies to the educational program funds sufficient for teachers, school buildings, books, and other necessities. II. Public Services - The quality of public servicesRead MoreWhat Are Icts and What Types of Icts Are Commonly Used in Education?6247 Words   |  25 Pagesare ICTs and what types of ICTs are commonly used in education? ICTs stand for information and communication technologies and are defined, for the purposes of this primer, as a â€Å"diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.† These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. In recent years there has been a groundswell of interest in how computers andRead MoreTeacher Leadership : The Things2724 Words   |  11 PagesTeacher leadership: The things to consider and the roles to adopt Teacher leadership is not a very old concept in the field of education. It has been emerged after seeing the role of leadership in various other fields of the academics like science and engineering. However, despite the constant focus of research on this subject, the topic still lacks an appropriate definition and the context of the applications it provides is still not very much clear (Cranston, 2000). The efforts are being made forRead MoreThe Agenda Of Multilateral Organizations1841 Words   |  8 Pagestheir role in alleviating poverty and reducing inequality. In doing so, this study will argue that the â€Å"neoliberal† rhetoric of multilateral organizations hampers development within the education sector. By assessing the neoliberal agenda of the World Bank and its role in the global initiative of the Education for All (EFA) movement, this study argues that the â€Å"neoliberal† rhetoric of multilateral organizations hampers development within the educational sector in Tanzania. Road Map: In illuminating

Principles and practice of mental health nursing Free Essays

string(158) " Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing\." Introduction This essay will discuss the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and its role in mental health nursing. A brief definition of CBT will be given, and treatment modalities used before the advent of CBT for the treatment of anxiety will be explored. The essay will evaluate the principles and practice of CBT, and equate this with the recovery process. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles and practice of mental health nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay will also explore two CBT approaches that can be use to work with anxiety. The limitations of CBT will be discussed, likewise the relevance CBT to mental health nursing. The essay will be concluded by highlighting the learning I derived by writing this essay. CBT is an umbrella classification of the different approaches in psychotherapy treatment which helps patients to understand how their thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour. CBT is evidenced based, collaborative, structured, time limited, and empirical in approach (Westbrook et al, 2007). According the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence CG22 guideline, (2010) it should be recommended to patient and carers for the management of major mental health problems. The CBT process normalise recovery which is important in therapeutic alliance as oppose to the medical model of care which pathologies recovery. The socialization process fit with that of the recovery model both of which are patient centred, giving hope and optimism to the patient, and using a set of outcomes set by the patients (Till, U. 2007). According to Hersen, M (2008), the earliest origin of CBT can be traced back to the times of Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BC) and Epictetus (A.D. 50-138) both of whose work reflected the concept of CBT in their teaching. CBT was developed from two parts way: ‘Behaviourism’ and ‘Psychoanalysis’ Behavioural therapy was developed from the principles of animal learning to humans from two main principles called classical and operant conditioning (Shawe-Taylor Rigby, 1999). Classical conditioning theory was based on the work of Pavlov (1927) while â€Å"Operant Conditioning† theory was based on the work of Skinner (1938). Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud and looks at the functioning and behaviour of human. BT arose as a response to the psychodynamic image, when Freudian psychoanalysis was questioned for its lack of a scientific base. The application of behavioural science resulted in merging CT BT approaches, resulting to the treatment of anxiety disorder and inappropriate behaviours, and little progress in depression and psychosis (Shawe-Taylor and Rigby, 1999). However, the failure and criticism following the use of strict behavioural concept to explain complex behaviour brought about the emergence of the cognitive behavioural therapy. The major difference between the two approaches is the inclusion of the meditational approach in CT. (Hersen, M and Gross, A. 2008). Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007) was one of the treatment approach used during this period. CT was developed in the 1960’s by Aaron Beck, and this approach became popular for its effective treatment of depression. The significant result from the merge of BT CT was the outcome of treatment for panic disorder by both Clark and Barlow in the UK and US respectively. Their combination in the 80’s and 90’s has resulted in CBT being a sort after therapy for mental health disorders. Anxiety is an example of a mental health problem. Anxiety is a common and treatable mental health disorders which manifest as feelings of uneasiness such as worry or fear which could be mild or severe, and a normal part of human condition Barker (2009). The feelings of fear and worry are sometimes helpful in psychologically preparing us to face the problem and physically triggering the flight and flight response. This affects 1 in every 10 people (RCPSYCH, 2010). The major types of anxiety disorder are: generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder and social phobia or social anxiety disorder. The symptoms of anxiety manifest through the mind via frequent worries, lacking concentration, feeling irritable, feeling tired and sleeping badly. While in the body symptoms include palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, fast breathing and faintness (RCPSYCH, 2010). Social anxiety disorder is use for discussion in this essay. Treatment modalities before the coming of CBT include those from psychoanalysis and Behaviourism. Anxiety treatments available before CBT include: refraining people from excess exercise in other not to increase the strain on the nervous system, administering Strychnine, arsenic and quinine and applying a white hot iron along the spine in severe cases. Exposure treatment which is still being use till date, use of Radionics by attaching patients to various devices with the belief that healthy energy is vibrated to unhealthy parts of the body, Use of Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT), and the use of Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) facilitating drugs. Insulin shock therapy was also used (Marlowe, J 2011) Cognitive approaches use in working with social anxiety is: cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy. Cognitive restructuring according to Heimberg and Becker (2002) is the identification and challenging of irrational thoughts, which include beliefs, assumptions and expectations and replacing them with those that are rational, realistic and adaptive. The principle is not only challenging the negative thinking pattern that contribute to the anxiety, it also helps to replace them with more positive and realistic thought pattern by suggesting alternatives and by reinforcing the client belief in the alternative interpretations and ideas suggested (Norman and Ryrie, 2009). For a person having a fear of public speaking in social anxiety disorder, the way he or she feels is not determined by the situation but by his or her perception of the situation, thus the thought, emotion and behaviour is important in therapy. The therapist, in collaboration with the client uses the situation-emotion-thought-behaviour (SETB) to structure how the treatment will go. Cognitive restructuring is done in three steps, with full collaboration between the client and the therapist after building up a working therapeutic relationship. The first step is identifying the content and occurrence of the unhelpful thought. The therapist will ask the client to write down his or her thoughts, using thought monitoring records. Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing. You read "Principles and practice of mental health nursing" in category "Essay examples" The therapist sta rting question could be, â€Å"If we could make one thought go away, which one will you choose to make a difference in the way you feel†, or â€Å"what is the worst thing that could happen?† Such questions are asked to uncover underlying fear. (Norman and Ryrie, 2009, Padesky and Greenberger, 1995).The second step is challenging the negative thoughts. Here, the therapist will help to dispel the irrational thoughts and beliefs to loose much of its power over the patient at this stage. The third step is replacing the negative thoughts with realistic thoughts which are more accurate and positive, with the therapist teaching the client about realistic calming statements he/ she can say when such anxious situation comes up. Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioural therapy use to treat social anxiety. It was developed by Joseph Wolpe, a South African psychiatrist. Systematic desensitization also called graded exposure, is the process of facing the anxiety or fear producing triggers from the less feared to the most dreaded ones, and the pre – planned grading of the triggers for exposure is referred to as â€Å"hierarchy† while habituation is â€Å"the reduction of anxiety over time when a person encounters an anxiety or fear – provoking trigger without the use of safety behaviours† (Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Systematic desensitization helps a client to gradually challenge his or her fears or anxiety, build confidence over time and master skills for controlling his or her anxiety. The process involves the therapist first teaching the client some relaxation techniques like deep muscle relaxation and assesses their ability to utilise this. For example, a person who is a nxious of facing the public and due to give a lecture, the step is to create a hierarchy of the anxiety or fear experience. The questions the therapist can ask to evoke triggers are: â€Å"What places, thing or people make you uncomfortableâ€Å"What brings your fear/anxiety/worry on(Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Then the therapist ask the client to set an exposure task according to his hierarchy of triggers, which should be graded, focused, repeated, and prolonged using the daily exposure diary. The client then work through the list with the guardian of the therapist, and the goal is to stay in each situation until the anxiety or fear subsides. The whole process is carried out with both parties collaborating together to achieve the goal, first through â€Å"in vivo exposure, such as imagining giving a speech and when the situation become easier, then the client progresses to the situation in the real world. The use of home work is also use. Despite all the good attributes associated with CBT, it is not without its own limitations. CBT is very complex to implement having a poor outcome with substance users who have a higher level of cognitive impairment (Patient UK). The availability of well trained and experienced qualified therapist is hard to get in the rural communities (Robertson, 2010). CBT does not work for everybody, and requires high commitment from the patient who see the home work as difficult and challenging (Patient UK). Some aspects of CBT therapy cannot be applied on people with learning disability and language is a barrier for those who English is not their first language. Nurses interact and undertake more roles with patient, and they are the first contact complaints are made to, which could give them an opportunity to offer CBT skills in the nursing process if it was incorporated in their training. (Padesky and Greenberger, 1995) Thus, the teaching of basic CBT skills is now being incorporated into the curriculum of the Mental Health Nursing pre/post registration programme. According to Gournay, K (2005), mental health nurses are now taking up challenging roles in management and nurse prescribing, giving advantage of freeing up the psychiatrist to undertake the more complex cases. The case for a nurse cognitive-behavioural therapist has been made glaring by the shortage of qualified therapist as a result of the widening evidence base for the approach and the recommendation by the NICE guidance for the provision of CBT for the treatment of hallucination and delusions (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002). As recovery is all about inspiri ng hope to the patients, the mental health nurses will be better equipped to offer a person centred care required for patient recovery. The incorporation of CBT to mental health nurses curriculum will prepare nurses to be more collaborative in approach, and allow patients to have more input in their care which will improve the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient and make nurses more approachable. With the advent of computer based CBT, the need for patients to meet with the therapist on a one on one basis is reduced, thus addressing the shortages of therapist and opening a new window for the people who are depressed or withdrawn to use the approach. (Robertson, 2010). There is prospect for mental health nursing considering the boost in career prospect this will bring to the profession and their position in the multidisciplinary team. This assignment has been an eye opener for me as a mental health student. It has exposed me to various issues in mental health, past present. And given me the opportunity to plan ahead of the future in shaping my direction in the profession. The essay has also given me the opportunity to know about the history of CBT and the various treatment approaches used before its era. It has given me the opportunity to see the interrelationship between CBT and recovery in care practice and also shown me that CBT skills will greatly enhance the quality of care provided by the mental health nurse. CBT should be made mandatory for all mental health nurses as a matter of necessity. REFERENCES Barker, P. (Ed) (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold. Gournay, k. (2005) ‘The changing face of psychiatric nursing: revisiting mental health nursing’, Advances in psychiatry treatment, 11, pp. 6-11 RCPSYCH (Online). Available at: http://www.apt.rcpsch.org/cgi/c Hersen, M. and Gross, A. (2008) Handbook of Clinical Psychology. Volume 1. John Wiley Sons. Heimberg, R. and Becker, R. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural group therapy for social phobia: basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. 1st edt. New York: Guilford Press. Marlowe, J. (2011) ‘Historical treatments for anxiety’ (Online). Available at: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5681571_hist. Norman, I. and Ryrie, I. (2009) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing. 2nd edn. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. National Institute for health and clinical excellence (2010) Summary of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions recommended by NICE. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/com Padesky,C. and Greenberger, D. (1995) Clinicians Guide to Mind Over Mood. London. Guilford Press. Patient UK (2011) what is cognitive-behavioural therapyAvailable at: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/cognitive- RCPSYCH (2010) ‘Anxiety, Panic and Phobias’. Available at: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfof (Assessed: 4 March 2011). Robertson, D. (2010) The Philosophy of cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as rational and cognitive psychotherapy. London: Karmac. Shawe-Taylor, M. and Rigby, J. (1999) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy: its evolution and basic principles’, The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 199(4), pp. 244-246. Till, R. (2007) ‘The values of recovery within mental health nursing’, Mental health practice, 11(3), pp.32-36. Westbrook, D. Kennerley, H. And Kirk, J. (2007) An Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy- skills and applications. London: Sage. How to cite Principles and practice of mental health nursing, Essay examples

Operating Plan Essays - Retailing, Payment Systems,

Operating Plan OPERATING PLAN ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES Receiving orders for meals Transactions at the Home Cookin' restaurant will be done in a very simple, yet effective manner. In the store there will be a counter with an electronic cash register. All sales will be rung up using this register. Cash transactions will be the simplest and most straight forward. Customers wishing to pay with check must have identification. Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are expectable credit cards but must be verified first. Paying the supplier The suppliers will not be paid in cash. Our corporate office instead will pay them within 30 days. Inventory Control Inventory will be taken every Sunday and Wednesday night. The goal is to have the least amount of inventory left over as possible. Budgets Company budgets for all expense items will be monitored by corporate. Travel, phone usage, entertainment and other expense items may only be used for company related activities by the Managers. It is the responsibility of corporate to make sure these expenses do not exceed the amount budgeted by for each account. Security Systems Sonitrol security systems will be on during all closing hours. Cash will be secured through daily deposits in addition to keeping less than $200 in the cash drawer at all times. RISK ANAYLSIS Sales Projections If sales projections prove wrong we will take immediate steps to evaluate the cash flows, cut expenses and propose a new adjusted projection for sales. Competition There is much competition within the area of Muncie. If these competitors made an attempt to destroy our market place or initiate a price war, we would take the following actions: -Emphasize uniqueness through advertising and promotions -Lower prices too comparable price of competitor's items. -Negotiations with competition. Management Problems If problems with management were to arise, the corporation would need to access the problem and determine a solution. Steps to be taken would include warning, probation period, or termination.

Black Elks Oral Narrative essays

Black Elks Oral Narrative essays John Neihardt was the one person that Black Elk would share his visions with. Black Elk wanted to pass along to future generations some of the reality of Oglala life. For this reason, Neihardt should have felt privileged and made it his main goal to make sure he interpreted everything in as much detail as possible. For Neihardt to suppress unnecessary details, alter awkward expressions, and introduce a tone of reverence and solemnity, takes away from the story that Black Elk was trying to relay. Black Elk probably wouldnt have even told his story to Neihardt had he knew the way Neihardt would write his story with so many missing details. For most general readers, the story was easier to follow without the detailed omissions. Neihardt most likely made theses omissions for the reason that it would be easier to understand. However, the detailed omissions are significant to some people such as anthropologists and people of religion. The transcript has all the specific details, but Neihardts story fails at relaying all Black Elk wanted to share with future generations. Black Elk intended for his whole oral narrative to be translated and put into his story, and Neihardt failed him. The ending does transmute the oral narrative into literature. Neihardt was trying to make the story more reader friendly, but he should have realized that this particular story should have been told the way Black Elk told the story. Neihardt ended the story as though it was him writing his own story. Neihardt should have just ended the story the way it should have been ended, and that is with the words of Black Elk. Neihardt was definitely the speaker at the end because Black Elk would not have said anything about not being sure whether that part of the story happened or not. Neihardt was basically ending the story in a way that he felt was a good way to end the story from a literature standpoint. ...

Battle of Chattanooga in American Civil War

Battle of Chattanooga in American Civil War The Battle of Chattanooga was fought November 23-25, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union forces relieve the city and drive away the Confederate Army of Tennessee. Following its defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 18-20, 1863), the Union Army of the Cumberland, led by Major General William S. Rosecrans, retreated back to its base at Chattanooga. Reaching the safety of the town, they quickly erected defenses before General Braxton Braggs pursuing Army of Tennessee arrived. Moving towards Chattanooga, Bragg assessed his options for dealing with the beaten enemy. Unwilling to incur the heavy losses associated with assaulting a well-fortified enemy, he considered moving across the Tennessee River. This move would force Rosecrans to abandon the city or risk being cut off from his lines of retreat north. Though ideal, Bragg was forced to dismiss this option as his army was short on ammunition and lacked sufficient pontoons to mount a major river crossing. As a result of these issues, and upon learning that Rosecrans troops were short on rations, he instead elected to lay siege to the city and moved his men into commanding positions atop Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.   Opening the Cracker Line Across the lines, a psychologically shattered Rosecrans struggled with the day-to-day issues of his command and showed no willingness to take decisive action. With the situation deteriorating, President Abraham Lincoln created the Military Division of the Mississippi and placed Major General Ulysses S. Grant in command of all Union armies in the West. Moving quickly, Grant relieved Rosecrans, replacing him with Major General George H. Thomas. While en route to Chattanooga, Grant received word that Rosecrans was preparing to abandon the city. Sending word ahead that it was to be held at call costs, he received a reply from Thomas stating, We will hold the town till we starve. Arriving, Grant endorsed a plan by the Army of the Cumberlands chief engineer, Major General William F. Baldy Smith, to open a supply line to Chattanooga. After launching a successful amphibious landing at Browns Landing on October 27, west of the city, Smith was able open a supply route known as the Cracker Line. This ran from Kelleys Ferry to Wauhatchie Station, then turned north up the Lookout Valley to Browns Ferry. Supplies could then be moved across Moccasin Point to Chattanooga. Wauhatchie On the night of October 28/29, Bragg ordered Lieutenant General James Longstreet to sever the Cracker Line. Attacking at Wauhatchie, the Confederate general engaged Brigadier General John W. Gearys division. In one of the few Civil War battles fought entirely at night, Longstreets men were repulsed. With a way into Chattanooga open, Grant began reinforcing the Union position by sending Major General Joseph Hooker with the XI and XII Corps and then an additional four divisions under Major General William T. Sherman. While Union forces were growing, Bragg reduced his army by sending Longstreets corps to Knoxville to attack a Union force under Major General Ambrose Burnside. Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George H. Thomas56,359 effectives Confederacy General Braxton BraggLieutenant General William Hardee44,010 men The Battle Above the Clouds Having consolidated his position, Grant began offensive operations on November 23, by ordering Thomas to advance from the city and take a string of hills near the foot of Missionary Ridge. The next day, Hooker was ordered to take Lookout Mountain. Crossing the Tennessee River, Hookers men found that the Confederates had failed to defend a defile between the river and mountain. Attacking through this opening, Hookers men succeeded in pushing the Confederates off the mountain. As the fighting ended around 3:00 PM, a fog descended on the mountain, earning the battle the name The Battle Above the Clouds (Map). To the north of the city, Grant ordered Sherman to attack the north end of Missionary Ridge. Moving across the river, Sherman took what he believed was the north end of the ridge, but was actually Billy Goat Hill. His advance was stopped by Confederates under Major General Patrick Cleburne at Tunnel Hill. Believing a frontal assault on Missionary Ridge to be suicidal, Grant planned to envelop Braggs line with Hooker attacking the south and Sherman from the north. To defend his position, Bragg had ordered three lines of rifle pits dug on the face of Missionary Ridge, with artillery on the crest. Missionary Ridge Moving out the next day, both attacks met with little success as Shermans men were unable to break Cleburnes line and Hooker was delayed by burned bridges over Chattanooga Creek. As reports of slow progress arrived, Grant began to believe that Bragg was weakening his center to reinforce his flanks. To test this, he ordered Thomas to have his men advance and take the first line of Confederate rifle pits on Missionary Ridge. Attacking, the Army of the Cumberland, which for weeks had endured taunts about the defeat at Chickamauga, succeeded in driving the Confederates from their position. Halting as ordered, the Army of the Cumberland soon found itself taking heavy fire from the other two lines of rifle pits above. Without orders, the men began advancing up the hill to continue the battle. Though initially furious at what he perceived to be a disregard for his orders, Grant moved to have the attack supported. On the ridge, Thomas men advanced steadily, aided by the fact that Braggs engineers had mistakenly placed the artillery on the actual crest of the ridge, rather than the military crest. This error prevented the guns from being brought to bear on the attackers. In one of the wars most dramatic events, the Union soldiers surged up the hill, broke Braggs center, and put the Army of Tennessee to rout. Aftermath The victory at Chattanooga cost Grant 753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing. Braggs casualties were listed as 361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 captured and missing. The Battle of Chattanooga opened the door for the invasion of the Deep South and the capture of Atlanta in 1864. In addition, the battle decimated the Army of Tennessee and forced Confederate President Jefferson Davis to relieve Bragg and replace him General Joseph E. Johnston. Following the battle, Braggs men retreated south to Dalton, GA. Hooker was dispatched to pursue the broken army, but was defeated by Cleburne at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on November 27, 1863. The Battle of Chattanooga was the last time Grant fought in the West as he moved East to deal with Confederate General Robert E. Lee the following spring. The Battle of Chattanooga is sometimes known as the Third Battle of Chattanooga in reference to the engagements fought in the area June 1862 and August 1863.

What are the most important differences between rationalists and Term Paper

What are the most important differences between rationalists and empiricists(Site specific philosophers in each group) - Term Paper Example It is known that rationalists and empiricists give different answers to the above-mentioned questions. Such rationalists as Des Cartes stated that one always describes the highest truth by means of logic and reason. One should not apply subjective or direct experience to do that. As for empiricist’s point of view, experience is very important as it is the basis of one’s development of logic. Once Isaac Asimov uttered that â€Å"I prefer rationalism to atheism. The question of God and other objects-of-faith are outside reason and play no part in rationalism, thus you do not have to waste your time in either attacking or defending† (Lacewing, 65). This statement demonstrates that for Asimov it was better and more convenient to use rationalism than empiricism. As for empiricism, it teaches that one should not try learning more about God with the help of reason. This school recommends using two projects instead of that. They are: critical and constructive. The first one focuses on the elimination of what is known by metaphysicians. The second pays attention to the commentaries of religious texts. A strong point of empiricism is that people are able quickly understand the sources of information/knowledge. In the majority of cases it is received with the help of the senses. It is a casual process. Experience helps to form one’s concepts. When the latter are gained, their understanding gives to the individual analytic knowledge. Thus, John Locke is sure that â€Å"all ideas are derived from sense experience. The mind is a ‘tabula rasa’, empty at birth. He begins his argument by attacking the opposite point of view – that some ideas are not derived from sense experience, but are ‘innate’. By ‘innate idea’ Locke means a concept or proposition which is part of the mind from birth. For an idea to be part of the mind, the

Art of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Art of Darkness - Essay Example rop Frye discusses it in his essay, refers simply to a special kind of narrative.1 The special nature of this narrative is that it is devised to reflect the beliefs of a particular culture, especially as it uses the concept of the supernatural to explore and explain natural events and the essence of human nature. Frye’s argument is that this mythic narrative is included in almost all of the archetypes used in literature and that these concepts are also found within our most sacred ritual events as we continue to seek the true nature of the order of life. Considering Frye’s discussion of myth, ritual and the natural cycle as it is presented in The Archetypes of Literature, it can be seen that there are several rituals and beliefs that we experience in modern life that we are perhaps not even aware of as being a voluntary affirmation of the natural order of life, such as the beliefs we associate with the concept of darkness. An examination into the traditional values asso ciated with darkness helps to inform the shift in focus seen as the world began to shift into its more modern configuration. Generally acknowledged to have started with the publication of Horace Walpole’s novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764, the Gothic genre represents a fundamental shift in thinking from one dominated by ideals and reason to one of imagination and emotion.2 Gothic literature is characterized by its unique way of combining horror and romance to create a completely new genre that, particularly after the advent of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theory,3 focused more and more on the power of the mind to terrify itself. Common elements found within Gothic literature include terror, the supernatural, ghosts, haunted houses with a particular type of architecture, castles, darkness, death, madness, secrets and hereditary curses. Characters typically fall into stereotypical personas such as the femmes fatales, flawed heroes, monsters of various types and flawed individuals.

The Concept Of Csr Business Essay

The Concept Of Csr Business Essay 2.2 The History of CSR through the Centuries. The Business Relations, Accountability, Sustainability and Society Centre, known as BRASS, in its report History of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability (2007), states that The history of social and environmental concern about business is as old as trade and business itself. Commercial logging operations for example, together with laws to protect forests, can both be traced back almost 5,000 years. In Ancient Mesopotamia around 1700 BC, King Hammurabi introduced a code in which builders, innkeepers or farmers were put to death if their negligence caused the deaths of others, or major inconvenience to local citizens. In Ancient Rome senators grumbled about the failure of businesses to contribute sufficient taxes to fund their military campaigns, while in 1622 disgruntled shareholders in the Dutch East India Company started issuing pamphlets complaining about management secrecy and self-enrichment . Moving further, Eberstadt (1977) claims in his study that phenomena of social responsibility were already presented in the ancient Greece, while todays corporate responsibility movement is an attempt to restore a 2,000-year-old tradition of businesses being connected to the community (cited in Panwar, Rinne, Hansen Juslin, 2006). In the 18th century the businesses started to anticipate that having an efficient labour force was essential for the successful delivery of their activities. During that period Adam Smith, the great moral philosopher and pioneer in economics, present for the first time the traditional or classical economic model. The model suggested that the needs and the interests of the public would best be met if the individuals act in self-interest manner. Driven by their own self-interests, the individuals would produce and deliver goods and services which would earn them profit, but also meet the needs of the others (Fernando, 2009). According to Brown (2005), the companies in order to keep their employees satisfied, because of the negative effects that the lack of food, housing and healthcare had in the labour force efficiency, they started to invest in housing, healthcare and nourishment. Thus, the worker villages of the industrial revolution, company medical facilities and the subsidized wor ks canteen appeared. That action of social philanthropy by the companies can be considered as the forerunner of the modern day CSR. Sims (2003) claims that the contemporary CSR originated back to the beginning of the 20th century and is based upon two principles. The first, the principle of charity, is based on religious tradition and suggests that those who are well financially should give to those with difficulties. The second one, the principle of stewardship, says that the organisations have an obligation to serve the society and satisfy the publics needs since their wealth and the power that they have springs through their activities within the society. This second principle had an impact on affected how companies were faced by governments, press and other groups and led to the conduction of new more socially responsible laws. The turn of the businesses to the society and the development of a more societal thinking led the organisations to increase their responsibility and consideration for both social and environmental well-being. This response to environmental and social matters by the corporations is what it is known today as Corporate Social Responsibility (Panwar et al., 2006). 2.3 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility The rise of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility during the past decades resulted to the continuous debate about the exact meaning of the term. The only generally accepted view about the term CSR is that is a concept which covers several aspects. Frankental (2001), comments that CSR is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and therefore is effectively without meaning. Castka, Bamber, Bamber and Sharp (2004) argue that there is no single authoritative definition of CSR. The CSR concept seems to be a loosely defined umbrella embracing a vast number of concepts traditionally framed as environmental concerns, sustainable development public relations, corporate philanthropy, human resource management and community relations. During the examination of various literatures it can be seen that there is not a single generally accepted definition, although many authors and worldwide institutions defined the term CSR in similar ways. The first academically accepted definition of CSR can be found in the book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, written by Howard Bowen in 1953. Bowen defines CSR as an obligation to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action that are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society (cited in Panwar et al., 2006). Carroll (2004) argues that the social responsibility of businesses encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time, while Buhmann (2006) simply defines CSR as doing more than what is required by law. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2005), define CSR as the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines CSR as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large (cited in Castka et al., 2004). Finally, the internationally known law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer in the report The Development and Impact of CSR on the Construction Industry (2006), defines CSR as the voluntary integration of environmental, social and human rights considerations into business operations, over and above legal requirements and contractual obligations. To conclude, it can be clearly seen that the base line of the above definitions is the volunteering obligation that the organisations must have over their employees and their families, the environment and the general public which sometimes may go further their legal requirements. 2.4 Layers of Corporate Social Responsibility According to Sachs, Ruhli, and Mittnacht (2005) the probably best known economic paradigm that prepare the ground for further research on the concept of CSR is the Carroll Pyramid (Figure 1). FIGURE 1 Carroll (1991) suggests that there are four kind of social responsibilities that an organisation should take into account while conducting its activities and those responsibilities constitute total CSR. Those four social responsibilities of an organisation were presented into a four-layered pyramid model, called The Pyramid of Responsibilities. The four layers of responsibilities are economical, legal, ethical and philanthropic. The bottom layer and the foundation of the pyramid is the Economic Responsibilities. The business must be profitable in order to keep its shareholders satisfied, produce goods and services necessary to the consumers and be able to create new jobs and promote innovation. The second layer of responsibilities is the legal and is all about following the law. The businesses should not only be profit driven but at the same time they must respect the laws and regulations produced by government and it is expected that the businesses would keep their economic activities inside the framework of the law and pay by the rules of the game. The ethical responsibilities are related to fairness and morality. The peoples rights and beliefs must be respected, any kind of harm, physical or social, must be avoided and any harm caused by others must be prevented. The last layer is the philanthropic responsibilities which urge the businesses to be good corporate citizens. The businesses through their activities must contribute resources to the community and most importantly must be able to help to improvement of the quality of life. Carroll placed the four layers of responsibility in a pyramid in order to show the strong connection between the four kinds of responsibilities. If a kind of responsibility in the pyramid model is absent then the ones above cannot be achieved. Lantos (2001) characterises the Carrolls pyramid model of CSR as altruistic or humanitarian and argued that the firm will be good to use it as marketing too in order to promote its image. Following this view Lantos (2001) proposes a new model of responsibilities by reclassifying Carrolls pyramid from four to three layers. The first layer of Lantos model is the Ethical CSR and includes economic, legal and ethical responsibilities as one group. The second layer is the Altruistic CSR which is equal to Carrolls philanthropic layer and suggests that businesses must contribute to the community even if a part of the profits must be sacrificed. The last layer of Lantos model is the Strategic CSR where businesses are fulfilling their philanthropic responsibilities not only because of generosity but also because they expect financial returns from the positive publicity. 2.5 Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are two close related concepts but they are not identical. As it can be seen Business Ethics play a very important role in Carrolls Pyramid of responsibilities as Ethics Responsibilities are placed in the second highest layer. Both concepts refer to values, goals and decision making based on something more than just making a profit (Mullerat, 2010). In general terms the bottom line of ethics is individually doing the right thing while avoid evil and harmful actions for you and the others in your activities. On the other hand CSR is more about the obligations that an organisation must have over its stakeholders than just its shareholders. A socially responsible organisation must act ethically (Mullerat, 2010). Phatak, Bhagat and Kashlak (2005) define Business Ethics as the moral thinking and analysis by corporate decision-makers and other members regarding the motives and consequences of their decisions and actions. Furthermore, Ferrell and Fraedrich (1998) add that business ethics compromises moral principles and standards that guide behaviour in the world of business. The concept of Business Ethics is vital for every self-respected organisation and this is why many companies today develop codes of ethics and make commitments about their ethical behaviour to the public (Fisher, 2003). According to Seitel (2001), the organisations develop ethics codes in order to: Increase public confidence: Due to various scandals, mainly concerning corruption and briberies inside organisations, the publics trust for businesses has been declined. Thus, companies have decided to adopt the ethics code in order to improve their image. Stem the tight of regulation: Due to the declining trust and confidence of the public for businesses, the governments increased their legislations and regulations in order to reverse the situation. The companies adopted the ethics codes in order to show that they have ethical behaviour and can be trusted. Improve internal regulations: Due to the increase of the size of organisations and the development of multinational operations it is essential that some codes of conduct must be created in order to have the same behaviour standards among the employees. Business ethics depend on two main factors, culture and time (Svensson and Wood, 2003). The business environment culture is influenced by traditions, religion, ethical values and individuals and can be defined as what is accepted and what is unaccepted. The companys success can be affected if different opinions, that is to say different cultures, cannot be adopted satisfactory by the organisation. Additionally, what is accepted and what is unaccepted can be affected by the business time element. The business world is a fast changing environment and what is considered ethical today it can turn out to be unethical tomorrow. As it can be seen the success or the failure of a business is closely connected with ethics and that is why Business Ethics must be used as a corporate philosophy rather than a corporate code in every organisation. To conclude, Johnson et al. (2005) argue that the societys expectations, which have major influence on companies and organisations, are based on three levels of Business Ethics. The macro level is the first one and is related to the ethical posture of the company. Simply, the macro level is related to the extent in which the organisations are willing to do more than their legal requirements in order to satisfy their stakeholders. The second one is a part of the macro level and is the Corporate Social Responsibility level. This level is concerned the ability of organisations to surpass the minimum requirements needed in order to maintain the organisations ethical stance. The individual or managerial level is the last level of Business Ethics. This is a very important level since is connected with the behaviour and actions of individuals inside the organisation. 2.6 Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility The current momentum behind Corporate Social Responsibility is being built based on a variety of very important factors. Ernst and Young (2002) mention that there are five key drivers which encourage the increasing business focus on CSR. These are: (1) greater stakeholder awareness of corporate ethical, social and environmental behaviour, (2) direct stakeholder pressures, (3) investor pressure, (4) peer pressure and (5) an increased sense of social responsibility (cited in Jones, Comfort and Hillier, 2006). Panwar et al. (2006), argue that there are diverse motivations that lead to the adoption of CSR by the organisations. For example a business is adopting CSR in order to meet mandatory legal requirements aimed at controlling destructive business practices while another business is using CSR in order to increase its productivity and improve its financial performance. It is also suggested that a company by using CSR in its practises can improve functional areas such as market positioning and risk management. According to Wood (1991), the concept of CSR is being driven by three major principles. Firstly, businesses are obliged to use their power responsibly since they are above all social institutions. Secondly, the responsibility for the outcomes of the involvement with the public is upon businesses. Lastly, discretion must be exercised in decision making processes by the individual managers who are also moral agents. Andriof and McIntosh (2001) believe that the driving force behind the concept of CSR is the consumers and employees. These two categories are holding the power in the market system nowadays. Consumers and employees are now well informed about the several challenges the world has to face and they do not really believe that the governments can change things. They accept that corporations are the most powerful social institutions of the present era and most importantly they are willing to reward those corporations who are responsive to their concerns. Finally, Girod and Bryane (2003) use a strategic marketing view arguing that CSR is a key tool to create, develop and sustain differentiated brand names. Furthermore, the Commission of the European Communities (2002) argues that the organisations in order to better respond to the fundamental changes in the overall business environment they adopted CSR and used it as an important element in new and emerging forms of governance. These changes include globalisation and the responsibilities companies feel the need to address, as they increasingly source products and services in developing countries; the issues of image and reputation, which have become increasingly important elements in corporate success; and the need for companies to recruit and retain highly skilled personnel (cited in Jones, et al., 2006). 2.7 Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Many organisations are using nowadays CSR as a marketing tool due to the fact that the implementation of CSR practices can bring to the organisation a wide range of potential benefits, both direct and indirect. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has said that implementing a CSR policy, can bring real business benefits by reducing risk, by enhancing brand value, by opening doors and creating good will, and by improving staff efficiency and morale. It can also attract stable and ethical investment and add competitive edge (Chartered Institute of Building, Report) According to Mackey, Mackey Barney (2005) in the case that a company surpasses the minimum CSR requirements then the potential benefits can lead to a positive effect to the companys performance and value. Gildea (1994) and Zaman et al. (1991), stress out that research has shown that companies that care for the environment and exhibit good CSR practices experience increased consumer purchase preference in addition to increased investment appeal (cited in Panwar et al., 2006). Many consumers prefer to buy for ethical business. A survey conducted by Cone Inc. (2004) showed that 91% of the consumers have a more positive image of a product or a company when it supports a cause. The 90% of the consumers would consider switching to another companys product or services if they found out about a companys any unlawful or unethical practises. In addition, Muckiewicz (1993) supports that the reputation of an organisation plays a vital role as research studies show that 9 out of 10 consumers use it in order to decide which product or service they will buy from those that are similar in price and quality. According to Bernstein (2004), CSR benefits both the company and the community. Due to use of CSR the corporate culture and corporate name of the company can be improved significantly thus the best employees can be attracted and the motivation of the workforce will remain in high levels. The society benefits from CSR practices as well through a variety of services and action, though the company has to create some sort of societal benefit in order to be called socially responsible. Some of the potential benefits that a business can have from the use of CSR practices can include improved financial performance and profitability; reduced operating costs; long-term sustainability for companies and their employees; increased staff commitment and involvement; enhanced capacity to innovate; good relations with government and communities; better risk and crisis management; enhanced reputation and brand value; and the development of closer links with customers and greater awareness of their needs (cited in Jones et al., 2006) . Table 1 presents a summary of business benefits of CSR. TABLE 1 Concluding, it must be noted that the benefits from the adoption of CSR practises can never be predicted or be constant since each company operates in a different and always changing environment. Barnett (2007) adds that this unpredictability could lead to limited support for CSR initiatives from the board, in times of financial instability. Thus, the business case supporting CSR has to be specific for every company and based on Rowley and Berman (2000) CSR achievements of an organisation cannot be collated against some standards, since those does not exist. Furthermore, McWilliams and Siegel (2001) point out that the potential existence of those standards would allow CSR to be considered as part of the investment decisions, as the company would be able to make judgements for its business case in a more formal way. 2.8 Criticism against Corporate Social Responsibility The concept of CSR, as it can be seen from the various definitions presented on previous paragraphs, is based upon the principle that businesses do have another responsibility than just making profits. Every organisation has a responsibility towards the society, its people and the environment as well. At the same time, many are those who are opposed the idea of integrating CSR practices into their corporations and they believe that shareholders interest can be conflicted by operating a good business. Dr Milton Friedmann (1970), a renowned economist, in his article The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits affirms that there is one and only one social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. According to his economic model the organisation is an economic institution which should only focus in the economic scope. Organisations are seen purely as legal entities incapable of value decisions. A manager who uses a firms resources for non-profit social purposes is thought to be diverting economic efficiency and levying an illegal tax on the organisation (Balabanis, Phillips and Lyall, 1998). Following this view Dr Robert Barrington (2008) states that the managers are concentrated on soft issues rather than hard issues of the bottom line and this is something that is costing money to the shareholders. Moving further Frankental (2001), conclude that CSR is simply a public relations invention and it will remain like this. He believes that CSR can only have real substance if it embraces all the stakeholders of a company, if it is reinforced by changes in company law relating to governance, if it is rewarded by financial markets, if its definition relates to the goals of social and ecological sustainability, if its implementation is benchmarked and audited, if it is open to public scrutiny, if the compliance mechanisms are in place, and if it is embedded across the organisation horizontally and vertically. Henderson (2001) after the examination of various issues related to the concept of CSR comments that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the current widely-held doctrine of CSR is deeply flawed. It rests on a mistaken view of issues and events, and its general adoption by businesses would reduce welfare and undermine the market economy. In the same motion Moir (2001) suggests that those who adopt the neoclassical model of business would follow the view that the only social responsibilities that a corporation can have are to provide employment, pay taxes and mainly to maximise its profits; therefore, maximise its shareholders value. On the other extreme of the arguments above, Dave Packard, the co-founder of Hewlett Packard Company once said I think many people assume, wrongly, that a company exists simply to make money. While this is an important result of a companys existence, we have to go deeper and find the real reasons for our beingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We inevitably come to the conclusion that a group of people get together and exist as an institution that we call a company so that they are able to accomplish something collectively that they could not accomplish separately they make a contribution to society (cited in Handy, 2002). Concluding, Freeman (1984) argues that a corporation is wrong to be seen just as a private economic institution, as it was suggested by Friedman (1970), but it has to be also seen as a social institution. This way, corporations would be responsible for any of their actions against the people, the community and the environment. Based on his Stakeholder Theory, companies operations should not be based on the interests of their shareholders but they have to be based on the interested of their stakeholders. 2.9 Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholders The definition given about the concept of CSR from Johnson et al. (2005) includes the words obligations to stakeholders, which indicates that stakeholders have an important role to play in this extent. Freeman (1984), the father of the Stakeholder Theory of the firm, defines stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives. The Stakeholder Theory of the firm is used as a basis to analyse those groups to whom the firm should be responsible (Moir, 2001). The identification of the different stakeholder groups of the organisation is extremely important during the implementation of CSR practices. Usually the stakeholder groups are separated into primary and secondary stakeholders. According to Clarkson (1995) a primary stakeholder group is one without whose continuing participation the corporation cannot survive as a going concern, while a secondary stakeholder group is those who influence or affect, or are influenced or affected by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation and are not essential for its survival. Based on those definitions a primary stakeholder group contains shareholders and investors, employees, customers, suppliers, governments and communities. The secondary stakeholder group includes the media and a wide range of special interest groups (Clarkson, 1995). According to Freemans (1984) definition of stakeholders the relation between the company and its stakeholders can be described as two-way. Castka et al. (2006) support the view that the implementation of CSR is all about the right choices and strategic decisions and comment that the dilemmas that an organisations stakeholders can have are which choices and decision must choose in order to satisfy. Berman, Wicks, Kotha and Jones (1999), in order to find a solution for those dilemmas, derived two distinct stakeholder management approaches; the instrumental and the normative approach. The first, instrumental approach, suggests that concern for stakeholders is motivated by the perception that financial performance can be improved. The second, intrinsic stakeholder commitment approach, assumes that organisations have a normative (moral) commitment to advance stakeholders interests (Castka et al. 2006). The instrumental approach was the one empirically supported in Berman et al. (1999) res earch while Harrison and Freeman (1999) mention that the conduction of more research is essential in order to clarify the model of the normative approach. Although further research is required it can be clearly anticipated, through the examination of various literature, that the instrumental approach is the most desirable among researchers. McWilliams and Siegel (2001) suggest that corporations need to carefully consider in which aspects of the CSR to invest in and they comment that by using cost-benefit analysis the managers can ideally determine the level of CSR. Additionally, Agle, Mitchell and Sonnenfeld (1999) argue that the decision to make a CSR investment is driven by the needs of the most powerful stakeholders within the organisation, such as top management staff and is usually connected with their desire to gain more profits and increase the shareholders value. Finally Castka et al (2004) believe that the purpose of CSR is an investment and it must be considered and treated like one. Moving further they suggest that the balance between the need for maximizing profit from CSR and the demand for CSR from multiple stakeholders is the key to a core return on investment in CSR (Figure 2). In order to achieve this balance stakeholders expectations should be assessed and examined through dialogues and must be translated and included into the companys strategy plan. FIGURE 2 2.10 Areas of Corporate Social Responsibility Andriof and McIntosh (2001) write that CSR is not chequebook philanthropy, nor a study based on business ethics. They argue that the concept of CSR can be described as a vision that corporate leaders have for their business which is beyond of just making profits. CSR has an impact on every activity of the company and can affect areas either inside or outside the company. According to Andriof and McIntosh (2001) the four distinct areas that CSR encompasses are: The Community The Environment The Marketplace The Workplace By operating within these four areas companies can conduct specific programmes and make the difference and can actively monitor, evaluate and change their effects of their activities. The implementation of CSR and the thinking behind becoming involved in these areas represents the new way of doing business. 2.11 Activities of Corporate Social Responsibility The concept of CSR can be divided into many and diverse domains. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) provide six broad domains of CSR activities, based on a comprehensive summarisation of CSR domains contained in Socrates: The Corporate Social Ratings Monitor (Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini Co. Inc. 1999), a database that describes and rates more than 600 companies in terms of their CSR records. These domains of CSR activities are: Community Support: The company provides support to the community with the use of health and educational and housing programs for financially disadvantaged. The generous and innovative giving is promoted Diversity: The company provides initiatives for sex, race, family, sexual orientation and disability diversity Employee Support: The company promotes health and safety, ensures job security and profit sharing, develops relations with the labour unions and allows employees involvement. Environment: The company avoids the use of hazardous waste management techniques, uses and produces environmental friendly products, develops pollution control and recycling techniques. Non-domestic Operations: The company prevents operations in countries where human right violations occur or unhealthy labour practices take place. Product: The company produces safe product and promotes research and development and innovation. Following the same line Johnson et al (2005) present a checklist of the organisations responsibilities. Those responsibilities are divided into two categories, the internal and the external aspects of CSR, based on the areas that the organisations activities can affect. Internal aspects of the companys activities can include employee welfare, working conditions, job design and intellectual property. External aspects of activities can include environmental issues, products, markets and marketing, suppliers, employment, community activity and human rights. 2.12 Factors influencing Corporate Social Responsibility

A Study on the Effects and Treatment

Alcohol related mishaps and accidents remain the largest concern of society and in response to this more and more sectors of society have been implementing rules to curb the negative effects of teenage drinking.   There is no doubt that society has seen the negative consequences of teenage drinking.In a national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17, it was found that 15% of the sample used alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the past year (Farrell, 2006, p 284)).   This means that the problem of underage or teenage drinking is even more prevalent than other substances.Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is great concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence.Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in dicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Eaton, 2005, p. 79).Drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically.   This drinking problem has led to a number of problems such school absenteeism and failure, depression, risky behaviors (especially driving under the influence), addiction, and death.This brief discourse, shall tackle the issue of alcohol abuse in teenagers as well as the possible treatments that can be done.   It shall also provide an etiological perspective of the problem in order to show the different factors that affect teenage alcoholism.Working as a school counselor for this age group, I agree with the American Academy of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry’s Report (2007) which states that the following groups are most at risk for alcohol abuse: 1) teenagers with a family history of addiction, 2) teenagers suffering from depression, 3) teenagers suffering with low self-esteem, and 4) teenagers that have academic problems.It has been shown that from the following groups the teenagers with a history of alcohol have higher rates of alcohol addiction with over 42% of the sample size coming from that background.The next group is that of those who were drinking because they were upset with a rate of 40% while the rest admitted that they usually drink because of low self-esteem and peer pressure which accounts for 25% of the teenagers (Farrell, 2006, p.284).   The number of teenagers that drink due to academic problems has steadily been on the rise since 1998 and is now at a rate of 25% of the teenagers.   From the list, one could argue that most teenagers have been in one or more of its categories at one time in their lives.Etiological Approach:The article, Etiology of Alcoholism Reconsidered, is an insightful article that p rovides a biophysical analysis of the problem.   Alcohol related mishaps and accidents remain the largest concern of society and in response to this more and more sectors of society have been taking steps to understand the nature of the problem.   One such approach is the biophysical approach conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky on the Etiological Approach to Alcoholism.It is theorized in the study conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky that there are other factors that must be considered when studying the problem of alcoholism.   According to the authors, there are personality and childhood influences that must be examined in order to arrive at a better understanding of the problem.In the study conducted, Vailliant and Milofsky studied many different factors and collected different types of date including ethnicity, heredity, psychological instability, childhood and adult personality variables, and family background (Vailliant and Milofsky, 1982, p43).   The data that was colle cted from all of this was then used to quantify the variance of each of the different etiological factors.It was from the data analytic strategy that Vailliant and Milofsky were able to draw the conclusion that whenever there are correlations that exist between alcoholism and certain behavioral patterns or symptoms, it is usually alcoholism that is the cause of such behavior or symptom rather than it being the result (Vailliant and Milofsky, 1982, p483).Alcoholism is, according to the authors, not so much a disorder whose etiological causes are personality and behavior but rather, it is a precedent for such behaviors.   It was also noted from the study that â€Å"premorbid antisocial behavior† is a major contributor to the etiology of alcoholism.Another important finding in the article is the fact that while Vailliant and Milofsky greatly downplayed the role of child antisocial behavior, it played a significant role in most of the categories.As with the other etiological fa ctors, it has been shown that there are correlations that have been overlooked or underrepresented in the study conducted by Vailliant and Milofsky.   As such, this has led to the theory of Zucker that in order for there to be an accurate etiological study, there must be a study that is conducted over â€Å"developmental time† and inclusive of â€Å"different levels of data† since it is only through this process that a proper understanding can be arrived at (Zucker 1986).There are, however, still certain researchers who argue that this study was not significant in that it failed to account for certain factors or relationships such as that of antisocial behavior and personality factors which was thought to be underestimated in the study.   This does not detract, however, that the study process used presented an angle that was quantifiable and perhaps accurate of the etiology of alcoholism.   

An Introduction To Psychology . The American Psychological

An introduction to psychology The American Psychological Association ( APA) defines Psychology as the study of the mind and behavior. It is a discipline embraces the human experience (APA). Psychology was founded in Germnay during the 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who was conducting a research. There he was opened the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Wundt was joined in 1892 by G. Stanley Hall who founded the American Psychological Association. While he served as the president of APA, he contributed to the American Journal Association in 1887 and Journal applied Psychology in 1917 (Anderson 1929).Psycology was established separately from the General science like biology and philosophy. The different schools of psychology was to†¦show more content†¦In other words it takes humanity as a more dominant moral value. He argues that the term is used to describe is works is meaningless and identifies many Christians as being an existentialist. He seems quiet contradicting cause he also argues that thi s school is a form of atheism. Satre also identified Martin Heidegger who was a German and Albert Camus; a French philosopher as existentialist. According to Aristotle in his book Nicomachean Ethics 2002, he argues that ‘ we are essentially rational animals, so sees flourishing nature in terms of good exercise of our national faculties, and understands ethical virtue as the set of dispositions manifested’. Existentialism believes that individuals are entirely free and must take personal responsibility. It also reacts to philosophy. Existentialism is often established among culture in the way there are identified by the dress code, food and religion. Behaviorism influence and the application of treatment The second school and system identified is the behaviorism. Founded by John B. Watson ; an American Psychologist. It is considered one of the most influenced schools of psychology. It is identified as learning theory that reinforces behavior. There is one theory that the behavior is based on the environment. The term can be defined as a psychological approach that began in 1913 by John Watson. Watson wrote that behaviorism claims the consciousness. Based on his understanding and study of psychology he believedShow MoreRelatedThe Health Of Health Psychology999 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Psychology Introduction Health psychologists range from a wide area of careers and fields. They focus on how health and illnesses are effected by factors such as psychology, biology and social factors. Health psychologists also seek to answer, â€Å"how people cope with chronic illness (both their own and others’)† (Lyons, Chamberlain, 2006, p. 6). Health psychologists research on different ways to â€Å"overcome illnesses more quickly, and how to change people’s attitude† on health problems suchRead MoreHistorical Perspective of Abnormal Psychology1014 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Running head: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Historical Perspective of Abnormal Psychology [Students Name] [Name and Section no of Course] [Instructors Name] [Date] Introduction Abnormal psychology can be defined as the study of mental disorders. It includes the topics and problems that are very common in our daily lives. TV, newspapers, magazines and websites, frequently expose the cases of celebrities and famous personalities that suffer from drinking, eating or some other kind of mental disorderRead MoreThe Cultural Imperatives of Psychologists1574 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologists use cultural imperatives to keep unwanted or unqualified people out of the psychological community. The research in the psychological field covers a vast array of disciplines and takes a post-graduate education. Psychologists use cultural imperatives to vet the psychological community and outline the manner in which new research becomes knowledge. I will begin by discussing the origin of psychology and psychology’s growth over time. The practice of researching human behavior, whichRead MoreThe Study Of Psychology And Psychology984 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to know what is meant by the term â€Å"science†, and then to establish whether psychology adheres to this. The Oxford English Dictionary defines science as â€Å"the study or knowledge of the physical world, based on observation and experiment†. This immediately raises issues about this debate as many areas of psychological research do not involve the observable. For example, the areas of Clinical and Counselling psychology rely on a patient’s thoughts and feelings to help determine whether they sufferRead MoreHealth Psychology And The Effects Of Self Esteem On Illness895 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Psychology and the Effects of Self-Esteem on Illness Health psychology, anther division inside of the American Psychological Association, or APA, is a â€Å"specialty applying psychological principles to the scientific study of health, illness, and health-related behaviors.† Empirically based, or in other words â€Å"vast in growing research literature is the outcome of scientific methods† (Jones Bartlett, n.d)â€Å"Health psychology focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influenceRead MoreWestern Vs. Western Therapeutic Culture1294 Words   |  6 Pageseveryday life, American search for coping mechanisms. The introduction of eastern religion served exactly that purpose and lead to the boom of the western therapeutic culture starting in the 1950s with the emergence of humanistic psychology. Today, meditation, mindfulness, and yoga have detached themselves away from their original purpose in eastern religions and have become the solution for managing and succeeding in life. This coping mechanism, ho wever, becomes problematic when Americans cease to attemptRead MorePsychology and the Nature of Humanity1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. The American Psychologist Association (APA) defines psychology as ‘the study of the mind and behaviour . The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. ‘(Association, 2014). With such an extensive definition, it is not overly surprising that its scientific kudos has been used to propagate political dogma, including abominable beliefs such as the innate inferiorityRead MoreCrime and Forensic Psychology1117 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironmental, hereditary, or psychological causes of crime, modes of criminal investigation and conviction, and the efficacy of punishment or correction (see prison) as compared with forms of treatment or rehabilitation. Although it is generally considered a subdivision of sociology, criminology also draws on the findings of psychology, economics, and other disciplines that investigate humans and their environment. Forensic psychology involves application of psychological research, theory, and clinicalRead MoreLegal Aspects of Professional Psychology1650 Words   |  7 PagesLegal Aspects of Professional Psychology Terri Smith PSYCH/545 Survey of Professional Psychology Dr. Erica Wansel August 26, 2012 Introduction Professional psychology has simplicities that set it apart from other recognized branches of psychology. The twist and turns of professional psychology make it where legal has to be taken into consideration. In any type of medical field legal always play a major role. The patients and clinicians have an obligation to one another to abide by the guidelinesRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 PagesAnother key development of Psychology as a science was the implementation of ethical codes of conduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies